Chapter 5: Ecosystems, Energy, Patterns, and Disturbance

Question 1

Biomes

Answer 1

ecosystems with similar vegetation and climate

Question 2

Describes where energy and nutrients go as they move from one organism to another

Answer 2

Food chain

Question 3

Interconnection of food chains to form complex feeding relationships

Answer 3

Food web

Question 4

Trophic Levels

Answer 4

show movement of energy and materials

Question 5

Autotrophs

Answer 5

produce organic material from inorganic matter by using an external energy source

Question 6

Heterotrophs

Answer 6

must consume organic material to obtain energy

Question 7

Autotrophs are also referred to as…

Answer 7

producers

Question 8

Consumers

Answer 8

eat living prey

Question 9

Decomposers

Answer 9

scavengers, detritus feeders, and chemical decomposers that eat dead organic material

Question 10

Chemosynthesis

Answer 10

some bacteria use energy in inorganic compounds to form organic compounds

Question 11

Examples of consumers

Answer 11

animals, fungi, most bacteria, most protists

Question 12

Primary consumers (herbivores)

Answer 12

eat producers

Question 13

Secondary consumers

Answer 13

feed on primary consumers

Question 14

How are consumers categorized?

Answer 14

according to their food source

Question 15

Carnivores

Answer 15

secondary or higher-order meat eaters

Question 16

Omnivores

Answer 16

feed on both plants and animals

Question 17

Detritus

Answer 17

dead plant material, fecal wastes, and dead bodies

Question 18

Detritus is organic and high in potential energy for:

Answer 18

1. Scavengers
2. Detritus feeders
3. Chemical decomposers

Question 19

Scavengers

Answer 19

decomposers that break down larger pieces of matter (vultures)

Question 20

Detritus feeders

Answer 20

decomposers that eat partly decomposed matter (earthworms)

Question 21

Chemical decomposers

Answer 21

decomposers that bread down molecule sized matter (fungi and bacteria)

Question 22

Climate

Answer 22

a description of the average temperature and precipitation of a region

Question 23

Biomes at higher altitudes are similar to…

Answer 23

biomes at higher latitudes

Question 24

The more rainfall and warmer temeratures…

Answer 24

the closer you are to the equator

Question 25

What determines where a species can live?

Answer 25

Individual ranges of tolerance to temperature and precipitation

Question 26

Temperate deciduous forest

Answer 26

72-200 cm (30/80 in.)/yr

Question 27

Grassland (prairie) biome

Answer 27

rainfall is less than seasonal

Question 28

Desert biome

Answer 28

less than 25 cm (10 in.)/yr

Question 29

Have broad-leaved evergreens that cannot tolerate freezing

Answer 29

Tropical rain forsts

Question 30

Trees drop their leaves and become dormant during freezing temperatures

Answer 30

Deciduous forest

Question 31

Tolerate the harsh winters and short summers of northern regions

Answer 31

Coniferous forests

Question 32

Permafrost

Answer 32

permanently frozen subsoil

Question 33

Altitude

Answer 33

distance from sea level

Question 34

Dry, hot days, cold nights, thin, porous soils, scattered shrubs, cacti, rodents, lizards, raptors

Answer 34

Desert

Question 35

Frequent fires, rich, deep soils, center of continents, grass species dominant, large grazing mammals, insects, rodents, hawks

Answer 35

Grasslands and Prairies

Question 36

Heavy rainfall year round, soils thin and poor in nutrients, 26 degrees celcius, broad-leaf evergreens, dense canopy, vines

Answer 36

Tropical rainforest

Question 37

Temps below freezing in winter, summers warm and humid, well-developed soils, broad-leafed deciduous trees, some conifers, shrubby undergrowth, ferns, mosses, many mammals, birds and amphibians

Answer 37

Temperate forest

Question 38

Long, cold winters, precip. light in winter, heavier in summer, acidic soils, conifers, large herbivores, mice, hares, lynx, bird nesting area

Answer 38

Coniferous forest

Question 39

Bitter cold, short growing season, small plant life, low precipitation, thin soils, permafrost, shrubs, lichens, mosses, grasses, hares, artic foxes, caribou, migrant shorebirds.

Answer 39

Tundra

Question 40

What determines aquatic and wetland ecosystems?

Answer 40

depth, salinity, and permanence of water

Question 41

Bodies of standing water, seasonal stratification of watter. Occur where there are physical depressions in landscape

Answer 41

Lakes and ponds

Question 42

Flowing water, high DO's, often turbid from runoff, lots of insect larvae, occur where precip. and groundwater flow by gravity towars oceans

Answer 42

Streams and Rivers

Question 43

Standing water, at times dry, thick organic sediments, high nutrients, follow lakes and ponds in succession

Answer 43

Inland wetlands

Question 44

Variable salinity, 2-way currents, rich in nutrients, turbid, where rivers meet oceans

Answer 44

Estuaries

Question 45

From coastline continental shelf, high in nutrients

Answer 45

Costal ocean

Question 46

Great depths, all byt upper 200m, dark and cold, poor in nutrients, covers 70% of earth, low productivity

Answer 46

Open ocean

Question 47

Open oceans accounts for lots of productivity but they have a low...

Answer 47

rate of productivity

Question 48

Primary production in open oceans is limited by...

Answer 48

scarce nutrients

Question 49

Disturbance

Answer 49

a significant change that kills or displaces many community members

Question 50

Ecological succession

Answer 50

transition from one biotic community to another

Question 51

Pioneer species

Answer 51

colonize a newly opened area first

Question 52

Lichens

Answer 52

pioneer species best suited for colonizing bare rock

Question 53

Primary succession

Answer 53

the process of initial invasion and progression form one community to another

Question 54

Where does primary succession occur?

Answer 54

in areas lacking soil and plants

Question 55

Secondary succession

Answer 55

occurs in an area cleared by a disturbance

Question 56

How does secondary succession start?

Answer 56

With pre-existing soil

Question 57

What can send succession back to an earlier stage?

Answer 57

Disturbances

Question 58

For succession to occur, what must already be present in the area?

Answer 58

plants and animals

Question 59

Resilience

Answer 59

an ecosystem's ability to go back to normal after a disturbance

Question 60

Resilience mechanism includes the processes of:

Answer 60

1. Replenishment of nutrients, 2. Dispersion by plants and animals 3. Regrowth of plants and succession

Question 61

Resilience helps maintain the stability of...

Answer 61

ecosystems

Question 62

Tipping point

Answer 62

a situation or disturbance that can move an ecosystem in one direction or another

Question 63

What tends to lower ecosystem services?

Answer 63

Human actions

Question 64

Ecosystem capital

Answer 64

when we depend on natural systems for goods and services

Question 65

What percent of the land's primary production is used to support human needs?

Answer 65

40%

Question 66

How many major ecosystem goods and services provide $41 trillion to uman welfare each year?

Answer 66

17

Question 67

Incremental value of services

Answer 67

places an economic value on the relationship between changes in the quanity/quality of services and human welfare

Question 68

Vital ecosystem services should be included in calculating...

Answer 68

Costs and benefits of a proposed change in land use

Question 69

Ecosystem capital stock

Answer 69

ecosystems and their polulations

Question 70

How can you restore an area?

Answer 70

by stopping the abuse

Question 71

Ecosystems can be restored if:

Answer 71

1. abiotic factors are unchanged 2. population of species still exist 3. alien species aren't introduced

Question 72

Stakeholders

Answer 72

all people with a stake in an ecosystem's health

Question 73

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment's report concluded that...

Answer 73

ecosystems may no longer be able to sustain future generations