Chapter 7: The Use and Restoration of Ecosystems Flashcards
1
Q
Ecosystem Capital
A
ecosystems and species and the goods and services they generate
2
Q
Regulating services
A
benefits from regulation of ecosystem processes
3
Q
Cultural services
A
nonmaterial benefits from ecosystem
4
Q
Supporting services
A
maintain themselves
5
Q
Natural resources
A
natural ecosystems and their biota
6
Q
Benefits of conversion
A
local, short term, and specific
7
Q
What percent of land is used for crop and livestock
A
50%
8
Q
How much of the world’s forests have been lost?
A
Half
9
Q
The ability of ecosystems to sustain future generations…
A
Can no longer be taken for granted
10
Q
What will be needed for increasing population?
A
More food, wood, space, fisheries, and water
11
Q
Why are ecosystems worldwide declining?
A
Human activities
12
Q
What is being lost due to declining ecosystems?
A
Species and goods and services for humans
13
Q
Natural goods
A
provisions (food, wood, fuel, water)
14
Q
What are killing reefs?
A
breakage, pollution, heat, invasive species
15
Q
The concept of ecosystem capital…
A
Involves both ecological and economic value of ecosystem
16
Q
A natural area is protected only when…
A
Society values its services more than the direct human use of the resource
17
Q
Because services are underappreciated…
A
Ecosystems are usually damaged for short term profit
18
Q
Conservation
A
manages or regulates use so it doesn’t exceed the capacity of the species or system to renew itself
19
Q
What makes something a renewable resource?
A
- can replenish itself
2. it’s sustainable
20
Q
Preservation
A
ensure species and ecosystem continuity regardless of their potential utility
21
Q
Old-growth (virgin) forest
A
never been cut
22
Q
Consumptive use
A
people harvest natural resources for food, shelter, tools, fuel, clothing
23
Q
When people are using consumptively…
A
Resources are used for people’s own needs
24
Q
Bush meat
A
wild game in Africa that provides protein
25
Productive use
the exploitation of ecosystem resources for economic gain
26
When people are using productively
products are harvested and sold
27
What is an important source of revenue and employment?
Productive use
28
Four types of tenure
1. Private ownership
2. Communal ownership
3. State ownership
4. Open access
29
Open access
resources can be used by anyone
30
The optimal population for harvesting the MYS is...
halfway to the carrying capacity
31
Maximum Systainable Yield (MSY)
the highest rate of use the system can match with its own rate of replacement or maintenance
32
MSY is just before the point at which use begins to...
destroy the system's regenerative capacity
33
Carrying capacity
the maximum population the ecosystem can sustainably support
34
A population below carrying capacity...
grows
35
A population approaching carrying capacity...
competition between individyals reduces recruitment
36
In a population near or at carrying capacity...
1. MSY cannot be obtained
| 2. the optimal population for harvesting the MSY is halfway to K
37
The optimal population for harvesting the MSY is...
halfway to the carrying capacity
38
Why is using MSY complicated?
1. It has to be recalculated yearly
2. weather, acorn crops, human impacts etc.
3. Replacement of harvested individuals varies
39
What is MSY used to do?
To set a fixed quota
40
Whay is MSY in fisheries?
Total allowable catch (TAC)
41
Precautionary principle
Where there is uncertainty, managers must favor resource protection
42
Exploitation limits are set...
below MSY
43
A common-pool resource (commons)
owned by many people or by no one (open access)
44
Exploitation of the commons
causes serious problems
45
Tragedy of the commons
ruin of the resource
46
Sustainability
maintaining common-pool resources to yield benefits for present and future users
47
Lesson of Tragedy of the Commons
No management of a common resource and widespread pursuit of personal interests leads to tragedy or loss for all
48
Private ownership
can reduce the tragedy of the commons
49
How does private ownership reduce the tragedy of the commons?
it restricts access to a renewable natural resource
50
Regulating access to a commons allows for
1. Protection for sustained benefits
2. Fairness in access
3. Mutual consent of the regulated
4. Best if locally controlled by those who benefit most
51
Lesson of the Turtle Island Commons
Sustainable management of a common pool resource must involve the local people and allow them to benefit from the resource while protecting it at the same time
52
Restoration ecology
restores damaged ecosystems
53
What is the intend of restoration ecology?
To repair the damage to ecosystems so that the normal integrity, resilience, and productivity return
54
Because of the complexity of ecosystems...
restoration is often difficult
55
Restoration ecology is costly but essential
Has become a worldwide $70 billion industry
56
The greater the damage...
the more complex and challenging the restoration will be
57
Deforestation
The removal of forest and replacement by another use
58
Silviculture
The practice of forest management
59
Clear-cutting
Removes an entire stand at one time and creates a fragmented habitat
60
Selective cutting
Removes some mature trees
61
Shelter-wood cutting
Mature trees are cut in groups, leaving some trees for seeds and shelter
62
Sustained yield
production of wood is the primary goal
63
Sustainable forest management
managing forests as ecosystems
64
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)
d
65
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act
1. Set catch limits below MSY
2. Use precautionary principles
3. End overfishing in two years
4. Limit bycatch
5. Accountability measures
66
Bycatch
non target species
67
The world fish catch may appear stable, but...
many species and areas are overfished
68
Three species declined from overfishing
Cod, haddock, flounder (groundfish)
69
rized fish species decline due to...
poor management
70
What gives fish little chance of escaping?
too many boats rigged with technology
71
Catch shares
a system that gives fishers transferrable "property rights" in the fishery
72
Marine protected areas (MPA)
coasts and open oceans closed to all commercial fishing and mineral mining
73
Most MPA have been...
successful and are vital for recovery
74
What are the most direct path to resoration?
Reserves
75
Who still whales?
Japan, Iceland, and Norway
76
What does whale watching provide?
Aesthetic, entertainment, and scientific value (conservatic value)
77
One of the most diverse and productive ecosystems
Coral reefs
78
Coral bleaching
corals expel their algae and die when water temperature increases
79
Ocean acidification
from excess CO2 (drop in pH, negatively affect chemicals in water
80
What do people use cyanide and dynamite to do?
flush fish to catch for food and the pet trade
81
Increased water temperatures...
disrupt symbiotic relationships
82
What do mangroves do?
1. protect coasts from storm damage and erosion
| 2. provide nurseries for marine fish
83
What are mangroves threatened by?
development, logging, aquaculture (lost to shrimp farms)
84
How much of the world's mangroves have been lost?
half
85
What causes the greatest negative impact to global biodiversity
Farming and fisheries
86
Wilderness
land given the most protection (preservation, level 1)
87
National parks
84 million acres
88
National wildlife refuges
96 million acres
89
Level 2
National parks and national wildlife refuges
90
What do national parks and national wildlife refuges do?
1. protect species
2. provide public access for recreation
3. two goals can conflict with each other
91
Level 3
National forests (740 million acres, 2/3rd managed for commercial timber harvest)
92
Multipe use
the Forest Service's old management principle intended to balance many uses (ephasized extraction/product)
93
New forestry
management that emphasizes protection of ecological health and forest diversity over max harvest of logs
94
Forest growth now exceeds harvest, indicating that...
forests are being managed sustainably
95
President Clinton's Forest Service chief embraced the..
ecosystem management paradigm
96
Roadless Area Conservaion Rule
banned new logging roads, protecting 58 million acres
97
Private land trust
A nonprofit organization accepts gifts of land, protects land from development
98
Easements
land owners give up development, but not ownership, rights
99
What do rivate conservation efforts rely on?
Land trusts
100
Who are working to manage natural sites as part of larger ecosystems
Gov. agencies, environmental groups, private citizens
