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Environmental Science > Chapter 7: The Use and Restoration of Ecosystems > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Use and Restoration of Ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecosystem Capital

A

ecosystems and species and the goods and services they generate

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2
Q

Regulating services

A

benefits from regulation of ecosystem processes

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3
Q

Cultural services

A

nonmaterial benefits from ecosystem

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4
Q

Supporting services

A

maintain themselves

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5
Q

Natural resources

A

natural ecosystems and their biota

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6
Q

Benefits of conversion

A

local, short term, and specific

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7
Q

What percent of land is used for crop and livestock

A

50%

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8
Q

How much of the world’s forests have been lost?

A

Half

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9
Q

The ability of ecosystems to sustain future generations…

A

Can no longer be taken for granted

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10
Q

What will be needed for increasing population?

A

More food, wood, space, fisheries, and water

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11
Q

Why are ecosystems worldwide declining?

A

Human activities

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12
Q

What is being lost due to declining ecosystems?

A

Species and goods and services for humans

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13
Q

Natural goods

A

provisions (food, wood, fuel, water)

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14
Q

What are killing reefs?

A

breakage, pollution, heat, invasive species

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15
Q

The concept of ecosystem capital…

A

Involves both ecological and economic value of ecosystem

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16
Q

A natural area is protected only when…

A

Society values its services more than the direct human use of the resource

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17
Q

Because services are underappreciated…

A

Ecosystems are usually damaged for short term profit

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18
Q

Conservation

A

manages or regulates use so it doesn’t exceed the capacity of the species or system to renew itself

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19
Q

What makes something a renewable resource?

A
  1. can replenish itself

2. it’s sustainable

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20
Q

Preservation

A

ensure species and ecosystem continuity regardless of their potential utility

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21
Q

Old-growth (virgin) forest

A

never been cut

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22
Q

Consumptive use

A

people harvest natural resources for food, shelter, tools, fuel, clothing

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23
Q

When people are using consumptively…

A

Resources are used for people’s own needs

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24
Q

Bush meat

A

wild game in Africa that provides protein

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25
Q

Productive use

A

the exploitation of ecosystem resources for economic gain

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26
Q

When people are using productively

A

products are harvested and sold

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27
Q

What is an important source of revenue and employment?

A

Productive use

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28
Q

Four types of tenure

A
  1. Private ownership
  2. Communal ownership
  3. State ownership
  4. Open access
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29
Q

Open access

A

resources can be used by anyone

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30
Q

The optimal population for harvesting the MYS is…

A

halfway to the carrying capacity

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31
Q

Maximum Systainable Yield (MSY)

A

the highest rate of use the system can match with its own rate of replacement or maintenance

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32
Q

MSY is just before the point at which use begins to…

A

destroy the system’s regenerative capacity

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33
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population the ecosystem can sustainably support

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34
Q

A population below carrying capacity…

A

grows

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35
Q

A population approaching carrying capacity…

A

competition between individyals reduces recruitment

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36
Q

In a population near or at carrying capacity…

A
  1. MSY cannot be obtained

2. the optimal population for harvesting the MSY is halfway to K

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37
Q

The optimal population for harvesting the MSY is…

A

halfway to the carrying capacity

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38
Q

Why is using MSY complicated?

A
  1. It has to be recalculated yearly
  2. weather, acorn crops, human impacts etc.
  3. Replacement of harvested individuals varies
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39
Q

What is MSY used to do?

A

To set a fixed quota

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40
Q

Whay is MSY in fisheries?

A

Total allowable catch (TAC)

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41
Q

Precautionary principle

A

Where there is uncertainty, managers must favor resource protection

42
Q

Exploitation limits are set…

A

below MSY

43
Q

A common-pool resource (commons)

A

owned by many people or by no one (open access)

44
Q

Exploitation of the commons

A

causes serious problems

45
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

ruin of the resource

46
Q

Sustainability

A

maintaining common-pool resources to yield benefits for present and future users

47
Q

Lesson of Tragedy of the Commons

A

No management of a common resource and widespread pursuit of personal interests leads to tragedy or loss for all

48
Q

Private ownership

A

can reduce the tragedy of the commons

49
Q

How does private ownership reduce the tragedy of the commons?

A

it restricts access to a renewable natural resource

50
Q

Regulating access to a commons allows for

A
  1. Protection for sustained benefits
  2. Fairness in access
  3. Mutual consent of the regulated
  4. Best if locally controlled by those who benefit most
51
Q

Lesson of the Turtle Island Commons

A

Sustainable management of a common pool resource must involve the local people and allow them to benefit from the resource while protecting it at the same time

52
Q

Restoration ecology

A

restores damaged ecosystems

53
Q

What is the intend of restoration ecology?

A

To repair the damage to ecosystems so that the normal integrity, resilience, and productivity return

54
Q

Because of the complexity of ecosystems…

A

restoration is often difficult

55
Q

Restoration ecology is costly but essential

A

Has become a worldwide $70 billion industry

56
Q

The greater the damage…

A

the more complex and challenging the restoration will be

57
Q

Deforestation

A

The removal of forest and replacement by another use

58
Q

Silviculture

A

The practice of forest management

59
Q

Clear-cutting

A

Removes an entire stand at one time and creates a fragmented habitat

60
Q

Selective cutting

A

Removes some mature trees

61
Q

Shelter-wood cutting

A

Mature trees are cut in groups, leaving some trees for seeds and shelter

62
Q

Sustained yield

A

production of wood is the primary goal

63
Q

Sustainable forest management

A

managing forests as ecosystems

64
Q

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)

A

d

65
Q

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act

A
  1. Set catch limits below MSY
  2. Use precautionary principles
  3. End overfishing in two years
  4. Limit bycatch
  5. Accountability measures
66
Q

Bycatch

A

non target species

67
Q

The world fish catch may appear stable, but…

A

many species and areas are overfished

68
Q

Three species declined from overfishing

A

Cod, haddock, flounder (groundfish)

69
Q

rized fish species decline due to…

A

poor management

70
Q

What gives fish little chance of escaping?

A

too many boats rigged with technology

71
Q

Catch shares

A

a system that gives fishers transferrable “property rights” in the fishery

72
Q

Marine protected areas (MPA)

A

coasts and open oceans closed to all commercial fishing and mineral mining

73
Q

Most MPA have been…

A

successful and are vital for recovery

74
Q

What are the most direct path to resoration?

A

Reserves

75
Q

Who still whales?

A

Japan, Iceland, and Norway

76
Q

What does whale watching provide?

A

Aesthetic, entertainment, and scientific value (conservatic value)

77
Q

One of the most diverse and productive ecosystems

A

Coral reefs

78
Q

Coral bleaching

A

corals expel their algae and die when water temperature increases

79
Q

Ocean acidification

A

from excess CO2 (drop in pH, negatively affect chemicals in water

80
Q

What do people use cyanide and dynamite to do?

A

flush fish to catch for food and the pet trade

81
Q

Increased water temperatures…

A

disrupt symbiotic relationships

82
Q

What do mangroves do?

A
  1. protect coasts from storm damage and erosion

2. provide nurseries for marine fish

83
Q

What are mangroves threatened by?

A

development, logging, aquaculture (lost to shrimp farms)

84
Q

How much of the world’s mangroves have been lost?

A

half

85
Q

What causes the greatest negative impact to global biodiversity

A

Farming and fisheries

86
Q

Wilderness

A

land given the most protection (preservation, level 1)

87
Q

National parks

A

84 million acres

88
Q

National wildlife refuges

A

96 million acres

89
Q

Level 2

A

National parks and national wildlife refuges

90
Q

What do national parks and national wildlife refuges do?

A
  1. protect species
  2. provide public access for recreation
  3. two goals can conflict with each other
91
Q

Level 3

A

National forests (740 million acres, 2/3rd managed for commercial timber harvest)

92
Q

Multipe use

A

the Forest Service’s old management principle intended to balance many uses (ephasized extraction/product)

93
Q

New forestry

A

management that emphasizes protection of ecological health and forest diversity over max harvest of logs

94
Q

Forest growth now exceeds harvest, indicating that…

A

forests are being managed sustainably

95
Q

President Clinton’s Forest Service chief embraced the..

A

ecosystem management paradigm

96
Q

Roadless Area Conservaion Rule

A

banned new logging roads, protecting 58 million acres

97
Q

Private land trust

A

A nonprofit organization accepts gifts of land, protects land from development

98
Q

Easements

A

land owners give up development, but not ownership, rights

99
Q

What do rivate conservation efforts rely on?

A

Land trusts

100
Q

Who are working to manage natural sites as part of larger ecosystems

A

Gov. agencies, environmental groups, private citizens

Environmental Science (14 decks)

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