Chapter 8 The Adrenal Gland Flashcards
Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands?
ACTH
Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body?
Aldosterone
The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of:
5 years
The most common sonographic appearance of a neuroblastoma is:
Heterogeneous mass with calcifications
_____ is associated with hypernatremia (sodium)
Conn syndrome
The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the
Neuroblastoma
The most common sonographic appearance of a pheochromocytoma is:
Hyperechoic mass
The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrolled hypertension, tachycardia, and tremors is the:
Pheochromocytoma
The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the
IVC
Describe the location of the right adrenal gland
Posterior and lateral to the IVC
______is associated with hyponatremia? (Sodium)
Addison disease
____hormones are responsible for the “flight-or-fight” response
Cortisol and Aldosterone
What is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood?
Hyponatremia
_____is produced by the adrenal medulla?
Norepinephrine (heart/BP)
The adrenal cortex produces?
- Cortisol
- Androgens
- Aldosterone
_____is AKA primary adrenocortical insufficiency?
Addison disease
____has a clinical findings of bronzing of the skin
Addison disease
The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the:
Suprarenal arteries
What is the cause of cushing disease?
Anterior pituitary gland tumor
A localized collection of blood describes a:
Hematoma
Which type of glands release their hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine glands
____would result in buffalo hump & moon shaped face clinical findings
Hypercortisolism
With active internal hemorrhage, the patient’s hematocrit will:
Decrease
Conn syndrome results from:
High levels of epinephrine
The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the:
Left renal vein
The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called:
Gerota fascia
The syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is:
Cushing syndrome
When internal bleedings is suspected, what lab value is most useful for a sonographer to evaluate?
Hematocrit
The cortex of the adrenal gland is composed of three zones
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona Fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Kidneys and the adrenal glands are enclosed in the:
Gerota fascia
Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for the:
Flight or fight response
_____is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body
Aldosterone
_____may also be referred to as adrenaline and it is primary hormone produced by the medulla
Epinephrine
The adrenal glands receive their blood supply by means of three arteries:
- The suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries
- The suprarenal branches of the aorta
- Suprarenal branches of the renal arteries
_____is an endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
Addison disease
Clinical findings of addison disease (8)
- Hypotension
- Weakness and fatigue
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Bronzing of the skin (Hyperpigmentation)
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium)
- Hyponatremia
- Increased ACTH
Sonographic findings of addison disease (2)
- Enlarged in the acute stages of the disease
- Atrophic or calcified gland in the chronic stage
____can be associated with a benign tumor that leads to the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands
Crushing syndrome
______can result from a tumor in the anterior pituitary gland or an adrenal tumor that causes an increase in cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex
Crushing syndrome
Clinical findings of cushing syndrome (10)
- Obesity
- Thinning arms and legs
- Hypertension
- Hirsutism
- Hyperglycemia
- Severe fatigue
- Poor wound healing
- Buffalo hump
- Moon shaped face
- Red or purple striae over the abdomen and thighs
Sonographic findings of cushing syndrome (1)
- Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)
Clinical findings of Conn syndrome (6)
- Hypertension
- Excessive thirst
- Excessive urination
- High levels of sodium in the blood (hypernatremia)
- Low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemid)
- Muscle cramps and weakness
Sonographic findings of Conn syndrome (1)
- Possible identification of an adrenal mass (adrenal adenoma)
The ______is the most common benign solid mass of the adrenal gland
Adrenal adenoma
Clinical findings of adrenal adenomas
- Cushing syndrome
- Conn syndrome
- May be asymptomatic
Sonographic findings of adrenal adenomas (1)
- Solid, hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland
_____is typically a hyperfunctioning, benign, adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norephephrine
Pheochromocytoma
Clinical findings of adrenal hemorrhage (4)
- Abdominal mass
- Jaundice
- Anemia
- Acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure
Sonographic findings of pheochromocytomas (2)
- Large, hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland
- Can have various sonographic appearances including hypoechoic or diffusely heterogeneous
Clinical findings of pheochromocytomas (6)
- Uncontrollable hypertension
- Headaches
- Tachycardia
- Tremors
- Anxiety
- Excessive sweating
_____that have a rim of calcification around them are much more worrisome for malignancy
Adrenal cysts
Clinical findings of adrenal cysts (2):
- Asymptomatic
- Large, infected, or hemorrhagic cysts can cause pain
Sonographic findings of adrenal cysts (3):
- Anechoic
- Round
- Acoustic enhancement
Adrenal rests are often associated with:
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Cushing syndrome
______ can be found within the testes, epididymis, ovaries and inguinal canal
Accessory adrenal gland tissue (adrenal rests)
Clinical findings of adrenal carcinoma (1)
- May mimic symptoms of Cushing syndrome
Sonographic findings of adrenal carcinoma (2)
- Solid, hypoechoic mass
- Large, heterogeneous mass
Clinical findings of neuroblastoma
- Palpable abdominal mass
- Abdominal pain
- Bone pain
Sonographic findings of neuroblastoma (2)
- Large, heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland
- Metastasis often present at the time of discovery
The _____, particularly in stressed neonates following a traumatic birth or perinatal anoxia, can spontaneously hemorrhage
Adrenal glands
