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ARRT (Abdominal US) > Chapter 8 The Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Chapter 8 The Adrenal Gland Flashcards

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1
Q

Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands?

A

ACTH

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2
Q

Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body?

A

Aldosterone

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3
Q

The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of:

A

5 years

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4
Q

The most common sonographic appearance of a neuroblastoma is:

A

Heterogeneous mass with calcifications

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5
Q

_____ is associated with hypernatremia (sodium)

A

Conn syndrome

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6
Q

The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the

A

Neuroblastoma

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7
Q

The most common sonographic appearance of a pheochromocytoma is:

A

Hyperechoic mass

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8
Q

The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrolled hypertension, tachycardia, and tremors is the:

A

Pheochromocytoma

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9
Q

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the

A

IVC

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10
Q

Describe the location of the right adrenal gland

A

Posterior and lateral to the IVC

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11
Q

______is associated with hyponatremia? (Sodium)

A

Addison disease

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12
Q

____hormones are responsible for the “flight-or-fight” response

A

Cortisol and Aldosterone

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13
Q

What is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood?

A

Hyponatremia

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14
Q

_____is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine (heart/BP)

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15
Q

The adrenal cortex produces?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Androgens
  • Aldosterone
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16
Q

_____is AKA primary adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Addison disease

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17
Q

____has a clinical findings of bronzing of the skin

A

Addison disease

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18
Q

The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the:

A

Suprarenal arteries

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19
Q

What is the cause of cushing disease?

A

Anterior pituitary gland tumor

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20
Q

A localized collection of blood describes a:

A

Hematoma

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21
Q

Which type of glands release their hormones directly into the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine glands

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22
Q

____would result in buffalo hump & moon shaped face clinical findings

A

Hypercortisolism

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23
Q

With active internal hemorrhage, the patient’s hematocrit will:

A

Decrease

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24
Q

Conn syndrome results from:

A

High levels of epinephrine

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25
Q

The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the:

A

Left renal vein

26
Q

The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called:

A

Gerota fascia

27
Q

The syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is:

A

Cushing syndrome

28
Q

When internal bleedings is suspected, what lab value is most useful for a sonographer to evaluate?

A

Hematocrit

29
Q

The cortex of the adrenal gland is composed of three zones

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
30
Q

Kidneys and the adrenal glands are enclosed in the:

A

Gerota fascia

31
Q

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for the:

A

Flight or fight response

32
Q

_____is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body

A

Aldosterone

33
Q

_____may also be referred to as adrenaline and it is primary hormone produced by the medulla

A

Epinephrine

34
Q

The adrenal glands receive their blood supply by means of three arteries:

A
  • The suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries
  • The suprarenal branches of the aorta
  • Suprarenal branches of the renal arteries
35
Q

_____is an endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

A

Addison disease

36
Q

Clinical findings of addison disease (8)

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Weakness and fatigue
  3. Loss of appetite and weight loss
  4. Bronzing of the skin (Hyperpigmentation)
  5. Elevated liver enzymes
  6. Hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium)
  7. Hyponatremia
  8. Increased ACTH
37
Q

Sonographic findings of addison disease (2)

A
  1. Enlarged in the acute stages of the disease
  2. Atrophic or calcified gland in the chronic stage
38
Q

____can be associated with a benign tumor that leads to the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands

A

Crushing syndrome

39
Q

______can result from a tumor in the anterior pituitary gland or an adrenal tumor that causes an increase in cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex

A

Crushing syndrome

40
Q

Clinical findings of cushing syndrome (10)

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Thinning arms and legs
  3. Hypertension
  4. Hirsutism
  5. Hyperglycemia
  6. Severe fatigue
  7. Poor wound healing
  8. Buffalo hump
  9. Moon shaped face
  10. Red or purple striae over the abdomen and thighs
41
Q

Sonographic findings of cushing syndrome (1)

A
  1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)
42
Q

Clinical findings of Conn syndrome (6)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Excessive thirst
  3. Excessive urination
  4. High levels of sodium in the blood (hypernatremia)
  5. Low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemid)
  6. Muscle cramps and weakness
43
Q

Sonographic findings of Conn syndrome (1)

A
  1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (adrenal adenoma)
44
Q

The ______is the most common benign solid mass of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal adenoma

45
Q

Clinical findings of adrenal adenomas

A
  1. Cushing syndrome
  2. Conn syndrome
  3. May be asymptomatic
46
Q

Sonographic findings of adrenal adenomas (1)

A
  1. Solid, hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland
47
Q

_____is typically a hyperfunctioning, benign, adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norephephrine

A

Pheochromocytoma

48
Q

Clinical findings of adrenal hemorrhage (4)

A
  1. Abdominal mass
  2. Jaundice
  3. Anemia
  4. Acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure
49
Q

Sonographic findings of pheochromocytomas (2)

A
  1. Large, hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland
  2. Can have various sonographic appearances including hypoechoic or diffusely heterogeneous
50
Q

Clinical findings of pheochromocytomas (6)

A
  1. Uncontrollable hypertension
  2. Headaches
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Tremors
  5. Anxiety
  6. Excessive sweating
51
Q

_____that have a rim of calcification around them are much more worrisome for malignancy

A

Adrenal cysts

52
Q

Clinical findings of adrenal cysts (2):

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Large, infected, or hemorrhagic cysts can cause pain
53
Q

Sonographic findings of adrenal cysts (3):

A
  1. Anechoic
  2. Round
  3. Acoustic enhancement
54
Q

Adrenal rests are often associated with:

A
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Cushing syndrome
55
Q

______ can be found within the testes, epididymis, ovaries and inguinal canal

A

Accessory adrenal gland tissue (adrenal rests)

56
Q

Clinical findings of adrenal carcinoma (1)

A
  1. May mimic symptoms of Cushing syndrome
57
Q

Sonographic findings of adrenal carcinoma (2)

A
  1. Solid, hypoechoic mass
  2. Large, heterogeneous mass
58
Q

Clinical findings of neuroblastoma

A
  1. Palpable abdominal mass
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Bone pain
59
Q

Sonographic findings of neuroblastoma (2)

A
  1. Large, heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland
  2. Metastasis often present at the time of discovery
60
Q

The _____, particularly in stressed neonates following a traumatic birth or perinatal anoxia, can spontaneously hemorrhage

A

Adrenal glands

ARRT (Abdominal US) (14 decks)

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