Chapter 8 The Adrenal Gland

Question 1

Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands?

Answer 1

ACTH

Question 2

Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body?

Answer 2

Aldosterone

Question 3

The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of:

Answer 3

5 years

Question 4

The most common sonographic appearance of a neuroblastoma is:

Answer 4

Heterogeneous mass with calcifications

Question 5

_____ is associated with hypernatremia (sodium)

Answer 5

Conn syndrome

Question 6

The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the

Answer 6

Neuroblastoma

Question 7

The most common sonographic appearance of a pheochromocytoma is:

Answer 7

Hyperechoic mass

Question 8

The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrolled hypertension, tachycardia, and tremors is the:

Answer 8

Pheochromocytoma

Question 9

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the

Answer 9

IVC

Question 10

Describe the location of the right adrenal gland

Answer 10

Posterior and lateral to the IVC

Question 11

______is associated with hyponatremia? (Sodium)

Answer 11

Addison disease

Question 12

____hormones are responsible for the “flight-or-fight” response

Answer 12

Cortisol and Aldosterone

Question 13

What is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood?

Answer 13

Hyponatremia

Question 14

_____is produced by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 14

Norepinephrine (heart/BP)

Question 15

The adrenal cortex produces?

Answer 15

• Cortisol
• Androgens
• Aldosterone

Question 16

_____is AKA primary adrenocortical insufficiency?

Answer 16

Addison disease

Question 17

____has a clinical findings of bronzing of the skin

Answer 17

Addison disease

Question 18

The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the:

Answer 18

Suprarenal arteries

Question 19

What is the cause of cushing disease?

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary gland tumor

Question 20

A localized collection of blood describes a:

Answer 20

Hematoma

Question 21

Which type of glands release their hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Answer 21

Endocrine glands

Question 22

____would result in buffalo hump & moon shaped face clinical findings

Answer 22

Hypercortisolism

Question 23

With active internal hemorrhage, the patient’s hematocrit will:

Answer 23

Decrease

Question 24

Conn syndrome results from:

Answer 24

High levels of epinephrine

Question 25

The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the:

Answer 25

Left renal vein

Question 26

The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called:

Answer 26

Gerota fascia

Question 27

The syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is:

Answer 27

Cushing syndrome

Question 28

When **internal bleedings** is suspected, what lab value is most useful for a sonographer to evaluate?

Answer 28

Hematocrit

Question 29

The cortex of the adrenal gland is composed of three zones

Answer 29

* Zona glomerulosa * Zona Fasciculata * Zona reticularis

Question 30

Kidneys and the adrenal glands are enclosed in the:

Answer 30

Gerota fascia

Question 31

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for the:

Answer 31

Flight or fight response

Question 32

_____is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body

Answer 32

Aldosterone

Question 33

_____may also be referred to as adrenaline and it is primary hormone produced by the medulla

Answer 33

Epinephrine

Question 34

The adrenal glands receive their blood supply by means of three arteries:

Answer 34

* The suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries * The suprarenal branches of the aorta * Suprarenal branches of the renal arteries

Question 35

_____is an endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

Answer 35

Addison disease

Question 36

Clinical findings of addison disease (8)

Answer 36

1. Hypotension 2. Weakness and fatigue 3. Loss of appetite and weight loss 4. Bronzing of the skin (Hyperpigmentation) 5. Elevated liver enzymes 6. Hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium) 7. Hyponatremia 8. Increased ACTH

Question 37

Sonographic findings of addison disease (2)

Answer 37

1. Enlarged in the acute stages of the disease 2. Atrophic or calcified gland in the chronic stage

Question 38

____can be associated with a benign tumor that leads to the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands

Answer 38

Crushing syndrome

Question 39

______can result from a tumor in the anterior pituitary gland or an adrenal tumor that causes an increase in cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex

Answer 39

Crushing syndrome

Question 40

Clinical findings of cushing syndrome (10)

Answer 40

1. Obesity 2. Thinning arms and legs 3. Hypertension 4. Hirsutism 5. Hyperglycemia 6. Severe fatigue 7. Poor wound healing 8. Buffalo hump 9. Moon shaped face 10. Red or purple striae over the abdomen and thighs

Question 41

Sonographic findings of cushing syndrome (1)

Answer 41

1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (most likely an adrenal adenoma)

Question 42

Clinical findings of Conn syndrome (6)

Answer 42

1. Hypertension 2. Excessive thirst 3. Excessive urination 4. High levels of sodium in the blood (hypernatremia) 5. Low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemid) 6. Muscle cramps and weakness

Question 43

Sonographic findings of Conn syndrome (1)

Answer 43

1. Possible identification of an adrenal mass (adrenal adenoma)

Question 44

The ______is the most common benign solid mass of the adrenal gland

Answer 44

Adrenal adenoma

Question 45

Clinical findings of adrenal adenomas

Answer 45

1. Cushing syndrome 2. Conn syndrome 3. May be asymptomatic

Question 46

Sonographic findings of adrenal adenomas (1)

Answer 46

1. Solid, hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland

Question 47

_____is typically a hyperfunctioning, benign, adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norephephrine

Answer 47

Pheochromocytoma

Question 48

Clinical findings of adrenal hemorrhage (4)

Answer 48

1. Abdominal mass 2. Jaundice 3. Anemia 4. Acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure

Question 49

Sonographic findings of pheochromocytomas (2)

Answer 49

1. Large, hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland 2. Can have various sonographic appearances including hypoechoic or diffusely heterogeneous

Question 50

Clinical findings of pheochromocytomas (6)

Answer 50

1. Uncontrollable hypertension 2. Headaches 3. Tachycardia 4. Tremors 5. Anxiety 6. Excessive sweating

Question 51

_____that have a rim of calcification around them are much more worrisome for malignancy

Answer 51

Adrenal cysts

Question 52

Clinical findings of adrenal cysts (2):

Answer 52

1. Asymptomatic 2. Large, infected, or hemorrhagic cysts can cause pain

Question 53

Sonographic findings of adrenal cysts (3):

Answer 53

1. Anechoic 2. Round 3. Acoustic enhancement

Question 54

Adrenal rests are often associated with:

Answer 54

* Congenital adrenal hyperplasia * Cushing syndrome

Question 55

______ can be found within the testes, epididymis, ovaries and inguinal canal

Answer 55

Accessory adrenal gland tissue (adrenal rests)

Question 56

Clinical findings of adrenal carcinoma (1)

Answer 56

1. May mimic symptoms of Cushing syndrome

Question 57

Sonographic findings of adrenal carcinoma (2)

Answer 57

1. Solid, hypoechoic mass 2. Large, heterogeneous mass

Question 58

Clinical findings of neuroblastoma

Answer 58

1. Palpable abdominal mass 2. Abdominal pain 3. Bone pain

Question 59

Sonographic findings of neuroblastoma (2)

Answer 59

1. Large, heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland 2. Metastasis often present at the time of discovery

Question 60

The _____, particularly in stressed neonates following a traumatic birth or perinatal anoxia, can spontaneously hemorrhage

Answer 60

Adrenal glands