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ARRT (Abdominal US) > Chapter 7 The Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common location for a urolithiasis to become lodged?

A

Ureterovesicular junction

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2
Q

a stone that completely fills the renal pelvis is referred to as:

A

Staghorn calculus

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3
Q

Clinical findings of Glomerulonephritis

A
  1. recent throat infection
  2. smoky urine
  3. hematuria
  4. proteinuria
  5. fever
  6. Hypertension
  7. Azotemia
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4
Q

The most common cause of fungal UTI is:

A

Candida Albicans

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5
Q

The presence of purulent material within the renal collecting system is termed:

A

Pyonephrosis

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6
Q

_____would be a common finding in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis?

A

Ascites

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7
Q

Suspicion of cortical thinning should occur when the renal cortex measures:

A

Less than 1cm

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8
Q

Clinical findings of a simple renal cyst

A
  1. Asymptomatic
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9
Q

The systemic disorder associated with epilepsy that leads to the development of solid tumors in various organs, including angiomyolipomas of the kidney, is:

A

Tuberous sclerosis

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10
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of a kidney affected by ARPKD:

A

Bilateral enlarged, echogenic kidneys

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11
Q

Infantile polycystic kidney disease may also be referred to as:

A

ARPKD

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12
Q

_____would most likely present with a clinical finding of hematuria?

A

Hemorragic renal cyst

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13
Q

______ is considered the most common solid renal mass?

A

Angiomyolipoma

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14
Q

What is the most likely location of TCC in the kidney?

A

Renal pelvis

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15
Q

The inherited disorder associated with the development of tumors of the central nervous system and orbits, renal cysts, and adrenal tumors is:

A

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

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16
Q

Renal cysts that project out away from the kidney are termed:

A

Exophytic

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17
Q

Sonographically, compared to normal kidneys, those affected by CRF will appear:

A

Smaller in size and more echogenic

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18
Q

What renal cystic disease would be most likely caused by and thus associated with hemodialysis?

A

Acquired renal cystic disease

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19
Q

______is the most common cause of CRF

A

Diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

What is the most common location of an ectopic kidney:

A

Pelvis

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21
Q

A renal scar most likely appears as:

A

Echogenic area that extends from the renal sinus through the renal parenchyma

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22
Q

The most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract is:

A

Duplicated collecting system

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23
Q

A bulge on the lateral border of the kidney is referred to as:

A

Dromedary hump

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24
Q

Enlargement of the unaffected contralateral kidney with unilateral renal agenesis or compromised renal function is AKA:

A

Compensatory hypertrophy

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25
Q

The vessel located anterior to the abdominal aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery is the:

A

Left renal vein

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26
Q

The protective capsule of the kidney is referred to as:

A

Renal capsule

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27
Q

_____are retroperitoneal organs

A

Kidneys

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28
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

Nephron

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29
Q

_______is a childhood, autoimmune disease that results in the development of purple spots on the skin and possible renal failure?

A

Henoch-schonlein purpura

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30
Q

Sonographic findings of a renal hematoma

A
  1. Variable appearance depending on the stage of the blood
  2. Blood may accumulate under the capsule(subcapsular), in the perinephric area or intramuscular
  3. Chronic hematomas may calcify and produce acoustic shadowing
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31
Q

Clinical findings of a renal hematoma (5):

A
  1. trauma to the kidneys
  2. flank pain
  3. abdominal pain
  4. hematuria
  5. decreased hematocrit
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32
Q

_____is a primary form of renal cancer, meaning this form of cancer begins in the kidneys, specifically originates from renal tubular epithelium

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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33
Q

Clinical findings of renal cell carcinoma (7):

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. flank pain
  3. gross hematuria
  4. hypertension
  5. palpable mass
  6. smoker
  7. weight loss
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34
Q

Sonographic findings of renal cell carcinoma

A
  1. Hypoechoic, isoechoic or hyperechoic solid mass on the kidney
  2. Can have a complex cystic appearance as well
  3. check the renal vein and IVC for tumor invasion
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35
Q

______of the kidney is a malignant tumor that is most often found in the area of the renal pelvis

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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36
Q

Clinical findings of renal transitional cell carcinoma

A
  1. gross hematuria
  2. pain secondary to renal obstruction
  3. history of smoking
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37
Q

Sonographic findings of renal transitional cell carcinoma (2):

A
  1. hypoechoic or isoechoic mass in renal sinus
  2. Hydronephrosis may be present
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38
Q

Renal adenoma typically measure:

A

Less than 1cm

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39
Q

_____is a benign mass that appears sonographically similar to its malignant counterpart, the RCC

A

Renal adenoma

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40
Q

Sonographic findings of renal adenoma

A
  1. Hyperechoic, vascular mass with internal calcifications
  2. May produce acoustic shadowing
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41
Q

Clinical findings of renal adenoma

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. May complain of hematuria
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42
Q

Sonographic findings of other renal malignancies

A
  1. Bilateral, hypoechoic masses with lymphoma
  2. Lymphoma or leukemia can manifest as an enlarged kidney
  3. Metastases have varying sono findings but most often solid tumors are hypoechoic or hyperechoic
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43
Q

Clinical findings of other renal malignancies

A
  1. History of primary cancer (often lung or breast)
  2. Hematuria
  3. fever
  4. weight loss
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44
Q

Compression or entrapment of the left renal vein as it passes between the SMA and abdominal aorta is termed:

A

Nutcracker syndrome

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45
Q

Clinical findings in nutcracker syndrome (4):

A
  1. Hematuria
  2. Proteinuria
  3. Possible left-sided abdominal or flank pain
  4. Left-sided testicular pain
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46
Q

Sonographic findings of nutcracker syndrome (2):

A
  1. Compression of the left renal vein
  2. Elevated pressure within the left renal vein
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47
Q

Sonographic findings of renal vein thrombosis

A
  1. heterogeneous renal echotexture
  2. enlarged renal vein
  3. absent renal vein doppler signals
  4. thrombus may not be seen
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48
Q

Clinical findings of renal artery stenosis

A
  1. Smoker
  2. high BP
  3. high cholesterol
  4. diabetes
  5. Hypertension that does not respond to treatment
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49
Q

____is a blood clot within the renal vein

A

Renal vein thrombosis

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50
Q

Clinical findings of renal vein thrombosis

A
  1. pain
  2. hematuria
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51
Q

Sonographically renal lipomas are:

A
  1. Well-circumscribed, hyperechoic mass
  2. Measures less than 5mm in diameter
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52
Q

Clinical findings of a renal lipoma

A
  1. Asymptomatic
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53
Q

Clinical findings of a renal hemangioma

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Hemorrhage of the mass can lead to pain and hematuria
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54
Q

Sonographic findings of a renal hemangioma

A
  1. Small, hyperechoic mass
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55
Q

_____ is a benign renal tumor that is often found in men in their 60s and is the second most common renal mass after the angiomyolipoma

A

Oncocytoma

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56
Q

Sonographic findings of an oncocytoma

A
  1. Isoechoic, hyperechoic, or hypoechoic mass
  2. May also contain a hypoechoic central scar
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57
Q

Clinical findings of an oncocytoma

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. May produce pain or hematuria
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58
Q

______is the most common benign renal tumor

A

Angiomyolipoma

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59
Q

Clinical findings of angiomyolipoma (3):

A
  1. Asymptomatic in most individuals
  2. Patient may have a history of tuberous sclerosis
  3. Pain, hematuria and hypertension can occur with hemorrhage of the mass
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60
Q

Sonographic findings of angiomyolipoma (3):

A
  1. Solid, hyperechoic mass
  2. acoustic shadowing
  3. multiple and bilateral with tuberous sclerosis
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61
Q

Sonographically, cortical nephrocalcinosis appears as:

A

Small calculi within the cortex

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62
Q

Medullary sponge kidney appears sonographically as:

A

Highly echogenic renal pyramids that may shadow

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63
Q

Nephrocalcinosis that occurs within the cortex is termed:

A

Cortical nephrocalcinosis

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64
Q

Two forms of nephrocalcinosis

A
  • Medullary nephrocalcinosis
  • Cortical Nephrocalcinosis
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65
Q

______is the accumulation of calcium within abnormally dilated collecting ducts located within the medulla

A

Medullary sponge kidney

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66
Q

_____is an accumulation of calcium within the renal parenchyma

A

Nephrocalcinosis

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67
Q

Sonographic findings of nephrocalcinosis

A
  1. Medullary nephrocalcinosis (echogenic renal pyramids, medullary sponge kidney)
  2. Cortical nephrocalcinosis (echogenic foci within the cortex)
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68
Q

Clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis

A
  1. hypercalcemia
  2. hyperparathyroidism
  3. UTI
  4. history of urinary calculi
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69
Q

Sonographic findings of urolithiasis

A
  1. echogenic focus that produces acoustic shadowing
  2. “twinkle sign” seen posterior to the stone with the use of color doppler
  3. Hydronephrosis and dilation or ureter may be present
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70
Q

A stone that completely fills and takes on the shape of the renal pelvis is called

A

Staghorn calculus

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71
Q

_____are kidney stones located anywhere within the urinary tract

A

urolithiasis

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72
Q

Clinical findings of urolithiasis (4):

A
  1. hematuria
  2. renal colic
  3. oliguria
  4. UTI
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73
Q

Abnormalities that are located outside the urinary tract that leads to renal obstruction are referred to as:

A

Extrinsic causes of hydronephrosis

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74
Q

Irregularities that lead to renal obstruction that are located inside the urinary tract are called:

A

intrinsic causes of hydronephrosis

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75
Q

____is dilation of the calices, infundibula and renal pelvis

A

Hydronephrosis

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76
Q

sonographic findings of renal artery stenosis

A
  1. thickening and calcification of the renal artery may not be noted
  2. renal to aorta ratio that is greater than 3.5
  3. possibly a tardus-parvus spectral waveform downstream from the stenosis
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77
Q

Sonographic findings of hydronephrosis

A
  1. anechoic fluid filling all or part of the renal collecting system
  2. can also alter the renal artery resistive index within the arcuate or interlobar vessels
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78
Q

Dilation of the urinary tract occurs:

A

proximal to the level of obstruction

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79
Q

Sonographic findings of chronic glomerulonephritis

A
  1. Small, echogenic kidneys
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80
Q

Clinical findings of renal fungal disease

A
  1. immunocompromised person
  2. diabetes mellitus intravenous drug abuse or long-standing indwelling catheter
  3. infant with an indwelling catheter
  4. flank pain
  5. fever
  6. chills
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81
Q

Clinical findings of glomerulonephritis (7):

A
  1. recent throat infection (acute)
  2. smoky urine
  3. hematuria
  4. proteinuria
  5. fever
  6. hypertension
  7. Azotemia
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82
Q

A stellate (star-shaped) central scar may be noted within an:

A

oncocytoma

83
Q

______is a hereditary disorder that may also be referred to as infantile polycystic kidney disease

A

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

84
Q

Clinical findings of ARPKD (2):

A
  1. Clinical findings of renal failure
  2. Abnormal LFTs
85
Q

Sonographic findings of ADPRD

A
  1. Bilateral enlarged kidneys that contain numerous cortical renal cysts
  2. Possible cyst identified in the pancreas, liver and/or spleen
86
Q

Clinical findings of ADPKD

A
  1. Asymptomatic until 3rd or 4th decade of life
  2. Decreased renal function
  3. UTI
  4. Renal calculi
  5. Flank pain
  6. Hematuria
  7. Palpable abdominal mass
87
Q

_______are located within the cortex and maybe difficult to differentiate from prominent renal pyramids, especially if solitary

A

Small cortical cysts

88
Q

_____ is one that originates in the renal parenchyma and protrudes into the renal sinus

A

Parapelvic cyst

89
Q

Renal cysts that appear to be projecting out away from the kidney may be termed:

A

Exophytic

90
Q

Sonographic findings of a simple renal cyst

A
  1. Anechoic mass
  2. Smooth walls
  3. Posterior acoustic enhancement
91
Q

Clinical findings of a simple renal cyst

A
  1. Asymptomatic
92
Q

_____is the most common renal mass

A

Simple cyst

93
Q

____uses a solution that is instilled into the abdominal via a catheter

A

Peritoneal dialysis

94
Q

Both ______utilize a machine that essentially acts as a kidney whereby it extracts the patient’s blood, filters it and returns the filtered blood

A

Hemodialysis and hemofiltration

95
Q

Dialysis may be either in the form of:

A
  • Hemodialysis
  • Hemofiltration
  • Peritoneal dialysis
96
Q

_____is used to remove the accumulated urea, other wasted materials and excess water from patient whose kidney function is inadequate

A

Dialysis

97
Q

The most common cause of chronic renal failure is

A

Diabetes mellitus

98
Q

Kidneys that fail to function normally will lead to:

A

End-stage renal disease

99
Q

The gradual decrease in renal function over time, typically months or years is referred to as:

A

Chronic renal failure

100
Q

Clinical findings of chronic renal failure

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Malaise
  3. Elevated BUN and creatinine
  4. fatigue
  5. Hypertension
  6. Hyperkalemia
101
Q

Sonographic findings of chronic renal failure (4):

A
  1. Small, echogenic kidneys
  2. Cortical thinning
  3. Loss of normal corticomedullary differentiation
  4. Renal cysts
102
Q

_____ is the cystic dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder

A

ureterocele

103
Q

Urinary jets typically occur at least:

A

once every minute

104
Q

Enlarged and distended with urine, the ureters will appear as:

A

*anechoic
*tubular structures

105
Q

The point at which the ureter meets the urinary bladder is referred to as:

A

Ureterovesicular junction

106
Q

Patent urachus will appear as an:

A

Anechoic tube that extends from the umbilicus to the apex of the urinary bladder

107
Q

Urachal cyst and urachal diverticulum will appear as a:

A

Cystic structure between the bladder and the umbilicus

108
Q

Urachal sinus will appear as a:

A

Linear fluid-filled structure that is continuous with the umbilicus

109
Q

______ is a remnant of embryonic development

A

Urachus

110
Q

_____is the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass

A

Wilms tumor

111
Q

_______, is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter, is a widespread malady in the pediatric population

A

VUR

112
Q

_____are folds of excessive urethral tissue found exclusively in males

A

Posterior urethral valves

113
Q

The most common cause of congenital hydronephrosis in infants and children is a:

A

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

114
Q

_____cause dilation of the bladder, both ureters and both renal collecting systems

A

Posterior urethral valves

115
Q

_____is typically by megacystis, a massively dilated urinary bladder

A

Prune belly syndrome

116
Q

_____describes the result of the abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder

A

Prune belly syndrome

117
Q

The most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract is the:

A

Duplex or duplicated collecting systems

118
Q

A sudden decrease in renal function, typically over the course of days or weeks, is termed

A

Acute renal failure (ARF)

119
Q

_____is an autoimmune, inflammatory vascular disease that mostly affects children and can permanently damage the kidneys

A

Henoch-schonlein purpura

120
Q

The most common cause of ARF is:

A

Acute tubular necrosis

121
Q

Clinical findings of a ureterocele

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Signs of a UTI
122
Q

Sonographic findings of a ureterocele

A
  1. Anechoic, balloon-like structure within the urinary bladder near the ureterovesicular junction
123
Q

Clinical findings of megaureter and hydroureter

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. UTI
124
Q

Sonographic findings of megaureter and hydroureter

A
  1. Large, anechoic tubular structure that extends from the kidney to the urinary bladder, only a section may be enlarged
125
Q

The _____ marks the single urethral opening and bilateral ureteral openings

A

Trigone

126
Q

The _____ controls the appropriate emptying of the urinary bladder

A

Detrusor muscle

127
Q

The four layers of the bladder wall

A

*Mucosa
*Submucosa
*Muscularis
*Serosa

128
Q

When the bladder wall is thickened, its diameter will exceed _______in a distended state

A

4mm

129
Q

______elevates as a result of cell death

A

LDH

130
Q

The _____can be used to evaluate the overall function of the kidney

A

GFR

131
Q

An elevation in either BUN or creatinine indicates

A

Some form of renal disease

132
Q

______Measures the amount of creatinine phosphate found in the skeletal muscles

A

Creatinine

133
Q

______measures the amount of urea nitrogen, a byproduct of protein metabolism that occurs within the liver and is excreted by kidneys

A

BUN

134
Q

The left renal vein has to travel across the abdomen, between the:

A

SMA and Abdominal aorta

135
Q

The renal veins exit the kidneys at their respective renal hilums and connect to the:

A

Lateral aspects of the IVC

136
Q

The right renal artery travels _____ and is therefore longer than the left renal artery

A

Posterior to the IVC

137
Q

The renal medullary, the inner part of the parenchyma id responsible for:

A

Absorption

138
Q

Neurogenic bladder may be caused by:

A

*Brain or spinal trauma
*Congenital spinal abnormalities
*Diabetes

139
Q

_______is poorly functioning secondary to any type of neurologic disorder

A

neurogenic bladder

140
Q

Sonographic findings of a neurogenic bladder

A
  1. Urinary bladder wall thickening
  2. Trabeculae of the bladder wall
  3. Postvoid images will show excessive urinary retention
  4. The patient may have a distended bladder but does not feel the need to urinate
  5. Bladder stones may be present
141
Q

Clinical findings of a neurogenic bladder

A
  1. Past history of brain or spinal trauma, congenital spinal abnormalities or diabetes
  2. Unnecessary urgency to void
  3. Rarely feel the need to urinate
142
Q

______is an outpouching in the bladder wall

A

Bladder diverticulum

143
Q

Clinical findings of a bladder diverticulum

A
  1. Can be asymptomatic
  2. UTI
144
Q

Sonographic findings of a bladder diverticulum

A
  1. Anechoic outpouching of the bladder wall
  2. A visible neck connecting the diverticulum to the bladder
145
Q

Inflammation of the urinary bladder is referred to as _______

A

Cystitis

146
Q

Clinical findings of cystitis

A
  1. Dysuria
  2. Urinary frequency
  3. Lower abdominal pain
  4. Nocturia
  5. Hematuria
147
Q

Sonographic findings of cystitis

A
  1. Hypoechoic bladder wall that may appear focally or diffusely thickened, measuring greater than 4mm in thickness
  2. Bladder may contain echogenic layering material echogenic layering material within its lumen
148
Q

Sonographic appearance of bilateral stones

A
  1. Echogenic, mobile, shadowing foci within the lumen of the urinary bladder
149
Q

Sonographic appearance of blood clots in the bladder

A
  1. Echogenic, nonshadowing mass that may be mobile or adhered to the wall of the bladder
150
Q

The most common malignant tumor of the bladder is:

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

151
Q

Clinical findings of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

A
  1. Gross hematuria
  2. May urinate blood clots
152
Q

Sonographic findings of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

A
  1. Smooth or papillary hypoechoic or hyperechoic mass that projects into the lumen of the bladder
  2. A solid tumor will not be mobile and will often demonstrate vascularity
153
Q

The _____begins at the trigone of the urinary bladder and ends at the urethral orifice

A

Uretha

154
Q

The kidneys also work to regulate blood pressure by producing the enzyme ______

A

Renin

155
Q

The nephron begins to function by the _____of gestation and urine production begins between 11 and 13 weeks

A

9th

156
Q

The functioning unit of the kidney is the:

A

Nephron

157
Q

Sonographic findings of acute glomerulonephritis

A
  1. Enlarged kidney(s) with increased echogenicity
  2. Prominent renal pyramids
158
Q

Sonographic findings of renal fungal disease

A
  1. Fungal balls appear as hyperechoic nonshadowing, mobile structures within the renal collecting system
159
Q

“Xantho” means

A

Yellow

160
Q

Clinical findings of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephitis

A
  1. Dull or persistent flank pain
  2. Pyuria
  3. Hematuria
  4. fever
  5. Leukocytosis
161
Q

Sonographic findings of Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

A
  1. Hydronephrosis
  2. Staghorn calculus
  3. Perinephric fluid collection
162
Q

A rare and yet life threatening, complication of pyelonephritis is

A

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

163
Q

Sonographic findings of emphysematous pyelonephritis

A
  1. Gas or air within the renal parenchyma
  2. Dirty shadowing or reverberation artifact coming from the renal parenchyma
164
Q

Clinical findings of emphysematous pyelonephritis

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Immunocompromised patient
  3. Fever
  4. Flank pain
  5. Leukocytosis
165
Q

Sonographic findings of a renal or perinephric abscess (3):

A
  1. Anechoic, hypoechoic or complex
  2. Gas shadows/dirty shadowing
  3. Reverberation artifact
166
Q

_____is a collection of purulent material that has leaked through the capsule into the tissue surrounding the kidney

A

Perinephric abscess

167
Q

Clinical findings of a renal or perinephric abscess

A
  1. Symptoms of pyelonephritis
  2. fever
  3. Flank pain
  4. Leukocytosis
168
Q

_____can lead to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and end-stage renal disease

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

169
Q

Clinical findings of chronic pyelonephritis

A
  1. flank pain
  2. bacteriuria
  3. pyuria
  4. leukocytosis
  5. dysuria
  6. urinary frequency
  7. history of VUR
170
Q

_____describes the condition of having pus within the collecting system of the kidneys

A

Pyonephrosis (purulent material)

171
Q

Sonographic findings of pyonephrosis

A
  1. hydronephrosis
  2. pus and debris appear as internal, layering and low-level echoes within the dilated collecting systems
172
Q

Clinical findings of pyonephrosis

A
  1. pyuria
  2. bacteriuria
  3. fever
  4. flank pain
  5. leukocytosis
173
Q

_____is an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

A

Acute pyelonephritis

174
Q

Sonographic findings of acute pyelonephritis

A
  1. May appear normal
  2. Renal enlargement
  3. Focal areas of altered echotexture
  4. Compression of the renal sinus
175
Q

Clinical findings of acute pyelonephritis

A
  1. Flank pain
  2. bacteriuria
  3. pyuria
  4. leukocytosis
  5. dysuria
  6. urinary frequency
176
Q

_____is a systemic disorder that leads to the development of tumors within various organs

A

tuberous sclerosis

177
Q

Sonographic findings of tuberous sclerosis

A
  1. Bilateral renal cysts
  2. Bilateral angiomyolipomas
178
Q

Clinical findings of tuberous sclerosis

A
  1. Epilepsy
  2. Skin lesions of the face
179
Q

Sonographic findings of chronic pyelonephritis

A
  1. Small, echogenic kidneys that have lobulated boarders
  2. Renal scar appears as an echogenic area within the kidney that extends from the renal sinus through the renal parenchyma
180
Q

Sonographic findings of Von hippel-lindau syndrome

A
  1. Multiple renal cysts
  2. Cysts may be complex and have mural nodules
  3. Cysts within the pancreas
  4. Pheochromocytoma present
181
Q

Clinical findings of Von hipple- Lindau syndrome

A
  1. Symptoms of a brain and/or an eye tumor
182
Q

_____is an inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the central nervous system and orbits

A

von hippel-lindau syndrome

183
Q

Acquired renal cystic disease is often the result of

A

Chronic hemodialysis

184
Q

Sonographic findings of acquired renal cystic disease

A
  1. The kidney will appear small initially during end-stage renal disease with some small cysts
  2. With time, the kidneys may enlarge and have numerous small cysts noted throughout the renal parenchyma
185
Q

Clinical findings of acquired renal cystic disease

A
  1. clinical findings of CRF
  2. History of hemodialysis
186
Q

MCDK is thought to be caused by

A

An early, first trimester obstruction of the ureter

187
Q

Sonographic findings of MCDK

A
  1. Unilateral, smooth-walled noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossa
  2. Compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
188
Q

Clinical findings of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Normal renal function
189
Q

Sonographic findings of the ARPKD

A
  1. Bilateral, enlarged echogenic kidneys
  2. Loss of corticomedullary differentiation
190
Q

Sonographic findings of parasitic UTI

A
  1. Schistosomiasis (bladder wall thickening
  2. Hydatid cyst (depends on the stage of its maturation as it may appear completely anechoic, contain a daughter cyst with internal debris or complex mass
191
Q

Clinical findings of parasitic UTI

A
  1. Hematuria
  2. Flank pain
  3. Pyuria
  4. Dysuria
  5. Possible recent travel out of the country (hydatid cyst)
192
Q

Clinical findings of acute renal failure

A
  1. Elevated BUN & creatinine
  2. Oliguria
  3. Hypertension
  4. Leukocytosis
  5. Hematuria
  6. Edema
  7. Hypovolemia
193
Q

Sonographic findings of acute renal failure

A
  1. Normal kidneys
  2. May appear more echogenic
  3. Hydronephrosis may be present
194
Q

Sonographic findings of vesicoureteral reflux

A
  1. Patients with minimal reflux may have normal appearing kidneys
  2. hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter may be present in the bladder
  3. Bladder debris may be seen
195
Q

VUR is the most commonly caused by an abnormal

A

Angle of insertion of the distal ureter into the bladder at the ureterovesicular junction, resulting in a faulty valve

196
Q

Urine-containing bacterium that travels from the bladder, up the ureter and into the kidney, can result in

A

Kidney infection with subsequent scarring and permanent damage to the renal parenchyma

197
Q

Clinical findings of vesicoureteral reflux

A
  1. May be asymptomatic
  2. unexplained fever
  3. irritability
  4. flank pain
  5. leukocytosis
  6. Bacteriuria
  7. Hematuria
  8. Dysuria
  9. Urgency to void
198
Q

Clinical findings of Wilms tumor

A
  1. Palpable abdominal mass
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Hematuria
  4. Fever
  5. Hypertension
199
Q

Sonographic findings of Wilms tumor

A
  1. Large, solid, mostly echogenic masses that may contain anechoic or hypoechoic areas
200
Q

Clinical findings of urachal anomalies (2):

A
  1. signs of UTI
  2. Palpable abdominal mass between the umbilicus and urinary bladder
201
Q

The most common place for a urinary stone to become lodged is

A

Ureterovesicular junction

202
Q

Clinical findings of a ureteral stone

A
  1. Renal colic
  2. Pain in the groin, labia, or testicle on the side of the stone
  3. possible hematuria
203
Q

Sonographic findings of a ureteral stone (2):

A
  1. Echogenic foci within the ureter that shadows
  2. Dilation of the ureter proximal to the stone

ARRT (Abdominal US) (14 decks)

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