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ARRT (Abdominal US) > Chapter 13 The Male Pelvis > Flashcards

Chapter 13 The Male Pelvis Flashcards

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1
Q

What would be the most likely sonographic appearance of a seminoma?

A

Hypoechoic

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2
Q

What is the most common cancer found in men?

A

Prostate cancer

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3
Q

Sonographic feature of testicular abscess:

A

Hyperemic flow around the abscess but not within it

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4
Q

The most common location of prostatic cancer is the:

A

Peripheral zone

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5
Q

The most common location of a varicocele is:

A

The left side of the scrotum

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6
Q

The most common germ cell tumor of the testis is the:

A

Seminoma

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7
Q

The term cryptorchidism denotes:

A

One or both testicles have not descended into the scrotum

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis occur within the:

A

Seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

The endocrine function of the testicles is to produce:

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

____techniques is useful for providing sonographic evidence of a varicocele

A

Valsalva maneuver

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11
Q

The lack of the normal fixation of the testis to the posterior scrotal wall is:

A

Bell-clapper deformity

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12
Q

Dilated veins of a varicocele will measure:

A

> 2mm

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13
Q

Zinner syndrome consists of unilateral renal agenesis, ejaculatory duct obstruction and:

A

Seminal vesicle cysts

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14
Q

Acute onset of testicular pain at rest is a common clinical finding with:

A

Testicular torsion

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15
Q

The most common location of a hydrocele is:

A

Between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

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16
Q

The exocrine function of the testicles is to produce:

A

Sperm

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17
Q

Painful curvature of the penis and impotence is?

A

Peyronie disease

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18
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the penis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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19
Q

A simple fluid collection surrounding the testis is:

A

Hydrocele

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20
Q

What is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?

A

Varicocele

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21
Q

_____houses the male urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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22
Q

The blue dot sign is indicative of:

A

Torsion of the testicular appendage

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23
Q

What lab value can be assessed as a tumor marker to evaluate a patient for testicular malignancy?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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24
Q

What scrotal abnormality is caused by incompetent valves within the pampiniform plexus?

A

Varicocele

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25
Q

A common cyst most often seen in the head of the epididymis that contains nonviable sperm is the:

A

Spermatocele

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26
Q

Primary varicocele are associated with:

A
  • Left-sided location
  • Infertility
  • Palpable extratesticular mass
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27
Q

A dilated group of veins found within the scrotum is called?

A

Varicocele

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28
Q

Describe a spermatocele:

A

A cyst, found within the head of epididymis, that may contain debris

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29
Q

_____is a benign intratesticular mass that typically has a whorled or onion skin sonographic appearance?

A

Epidermoid cyst

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30
Q

Enlargement of the prostate in older men is most often caused by:

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

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31
Q

During a sonographic exam of the right testis, you visualize multiple small cysts located along the mediastinum testis:

A

Tubular ectasia of the rete testis

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32
Q

The most common location of BPH is the:

A

Transitional zone

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33
Q

Secondary varicoceles are most likely associated with:

A
  • Right-sided location
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Renal mass
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34
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the testicules?

A

Seminoma

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35
Q

Components of the spermatic cord?

A
  • Testicular artery
  • Cremaster muscle
  • Lymph nodes
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36
Q

______extends posteriorly and enters each testicle to help form the mediastinum tests

A

Tunica albuginea

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37
Q

Beneath the layers of the tunica vaginalis, the testis is also intimately, surrounded by a dense fibrous layer called:

A

Tunica albuginea

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38
Q

The tunica vaginalis consists of:

A

Parietal and closely applied visceral covering

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39
Q

Each testis is surrounded by a double layer of tissue called the:

A

Tunica vaginalis

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40
Q

_____occurs within the seminiferous tubules that are found throughout each testicle

A

Spermatogenesis

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41
Q

Internally the scrotum is divided by the:

A

Tunica dartos

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42
Q

The scrotum is externally divided at the midline into two compartments by a structure known as:

A

Median Raphe

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43
Q

When descending, the testicles may become trapped anywhere along this path and consequently never completely descend is known as:

A

Cryptorchidism

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44
Q

By _____weeks, the testicles descend into the scrotum

A

28

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45
Q

_____is responsible for storing sperm in order for them to mature and transports sperm into the ductus (VAS) deferens

A

Epididymis

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46
Q

The _____is attached to the testicle and the posterior scrotal wall

A

Epididymis

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47
Q

The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the:

A

Seminal vesicles and Ductus deferens

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48
Q

Clinical findings of peyronie disease

A
  1. Impotence
  2. Painful erections
  3. Area of scar tissue can typically be palpated
  4. Marked curvature of the penis
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49
Q

______surrounds the corpus cavernosa and partially covers the corpus spongiosum

A

Tunica albugenia

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50
Q

The male urethra is housed within the _____which is situated ventrally

A

Corpus spongiosum

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51
Q

The penis is covered with skin and subsequently a dense fibrous tissue termed:

A

Back fascia

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52
Q

The ____is a tube that connects the epididymus to the seminal vesicles

A

Ductus (VAS) deferens

53
Q

The seminomas is a germ tumor that is typically found in:

A

Males between 30 and 50 years of age

54
Q

An elevated AFP level is most often associated with:

A

*Embryonal cell carcinoma
*Teratomas
*Yolk sac tumors

55
Q

_____are caused by the migration of adrenal tissue with gonadal tissue during fetal development

A

Adrenal rests

56
Q

An abscess that occurs within the testicle is typically the results of untreated:

A

Epididymo-orchitis

57
Q

The combination of an infection within the epididymis and testis is termed:

A

Epididymo-orchitis

58
Q

Inflammation of the testis is called:

A

Orchitis

59
Q

_____is an extratesticular calculus

A

Scrotal pearl

60
Q

______ varicoceles are most often found on the left and are palpable during a physical exam

A

Primary

61
Q

Varicoceles are caused by:

A

Incompetent or abnormal valves within the pampiniform plexus

62
Q

A dilated group of veins found within the scrotum is termed :

A

Varicocele

63
Q

Tunica albuginea cysts are located anywhere along the periphery of the:

A

Testicle within the tunica albugunea

64
Q

_____is a cyst found most often in the head of the epididymis

A

Spermatocele

65
Q

A simple fluid collection within the scrotum is referred to as:

A

Hydrocele

66
Q

_____describes the appearance of the torsed appendage as a blue dot just under the skin surface

A

Blue dot sign

67
Q

_____occurs in the neonatal period or in utero and is related to torsion of the spermatic cord within the inguinal canal

A

Extravaginal torsion

68
Q

_____is a congenital abnormality describes the situation in which the patient lacks the normal posterior fixation of the testis and epididymis to the scrotal wall

A

Bell-clapper

69
Q

With _____, the testis, which is not affixed to the scrotal wall, is permitted to migrate and twist freely within the scrotum

A

Intravaginal torsion

70
Q

Blood that is present within the scrotum is called?

A

Hematocele

71
Q

____is the buildup of fibrous plaque (scar tissue) and calcifications within the penis that results in a painful curvature

A

Peyronie disease

72
Q

The _____ is a retroperitoneal gland that produces and secretes an alkaline fluid that constitutes between 13 and 30% of the volume of semen

A

Prostate

73
Q

The higher the PSA level, the more likely the patient will have:

A

Prostate cancer

74
Q

The most common location for prostate cancer is within the :

A

Peripheral zone

75
Q

BPH is most often located within the:

A

Transitional zone

76
Q

The benign enlargement of the prostate gland is termed:

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

77
Q

________occurs when the arterial blood supply to the testicle is cut off secondary to the twisting of the testicular axis

A

Testicular torsion

78
Q

Surgical correction of an undescended testis is called:

A

Orchiopexy

79
Q

_____is the most common cancer found in an undescended testis

A

Seminoma

80
Q

The normal head of the epididymis measures approximately _____in size

A

10 to 12mm

81
Q

Adult testicular measure ______in length, _____in width, and _____in thickness

A

*3 to 5cm
*2 to 4cm
*3cm

82
Q

The normal mediastinum testis will be noted as an ______in sagittal plane

A

Echogenic linear structure

83
Q

The normal mediastinum testis will be noted as a ______ in the transverse plane

A

Triangular structure

84
Q

The scrotal wall thickness ranges between:

A

2-8mm

85
Q

The left testicular vein drains into the:

A

Left renal vein

86
Q

The right testicular vein drains into the:

A

IVC

87
Q

Testicular arteries emanate from the:

A

Anterior abdominal aorta just below the level of the renal arteries

88
Q

The testicles receive most of their blood supply from the:

A

Testicular arteries

89
Q

The spermatic cord enters the scrotum through the ______and contains essential structures including the vascular supply and venous drainage for testicles

A

Inguinal canal

90
Q

The ______, secretes pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the penile urethra prior to ejaculation

A

Bulbourethral gland

91
Q

Sonographic findings of a pyocele

A
  1. Complex fluid collection within the scrotum
  2. Scrotal wall thickening
  3. May be seen in conjunction with rupture of a testicular abscess
92
Q

Sonographic findings of a testicular abscess

A
  1. Complex intratesticular mass
  2. Mass that has no flow centrally but increased flow around its margins
  3. May have a coexisting pyocele
93
Q

Sonographic findings of epididymitis and epididyoorchitis

A
  1. Enlargement of the entire epididymis (diffuse)
  2. Enlargement of only part of the epididymis (focal)
  3. Hypoechoic echotexture of the affected sections of the epididymis
  4. Hypoechoic testis
  5. Hyperemia
  6. Thickened wall
  7. Scrotal wall edema
94
Q

Sonographic findings of a scrotal pearl

A
  1. Extremely echogenic, mobile extratesticular structure that produces acoustic shadowing
95
Q

Sonographic findings of a varicocele

A
  1. A group of anechoic, tubular structures located outside of the testis
  2. Distended veins that fill with color flow when the valsalva maneuver is performed
  3. Dilated veins measure greater than 2mm
96
Q

Sonographic findings of a spermatocele, epididymal cyst, and tunica albuginea cyst

A
  1. Round, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement
  2. May contain some layering debris
97
Q

Sonographic findings of a hydrocele

A
  1. Simple fluid anterior to the testis
  2. Scrotal wall thickening
  3. Chronic hydroceles may have internal debris and septations
98
Q

Sonographic findings of torsion of the testicular appendage

A
  1. Normal intratesticular flow
  2. Small, avascular, hypoechoic or hyperechoic mass adjacent to the superior pole of the testis
  3. Reactive hydrocele
  4. Scrotal wall thickening
99
Q

Sonographic appearance of testicular torsion

A
  1. Enlarged and hypoechoic or heterogeneous
  2. No detectable intratesticular vascularity when completely torsed
  3. Enlarged epididymis and reactive hydrocele
  4. Areas of necrosis
  5. Hyperemic flow in testis
100
Q

Sonographic findings of seminal vesicle cysts

A
  1. Anechoic or complex cystic structures in the area of the seminal vesicles
101
Q

Sonographic findings of prostatitis

A
  1. Enlarged, hypoechoic prostate
  2. Hypermia evident with color doppler
102
Q

Sonographic findings of benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  1. BPH will show an enlargement of the inner gland
  2. Can lead to hypoechoic areas within the gland
  3. Calcifications within the gland
  4. Diffusely heterogenous gland
  5. Cystic changes within the gland
103
Q

Clinical findings of benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  1. Nocturia
  2. Increased urinary freuency
  3. Sense of urinary urgency
  4. Constant feeling of having a full bladder
  5. Elevated PSA
104
Q

Sonographic findings of prostate cancer

A
  1. Varying sonographic appearances
  2. Hypoechoic mass
  3. May be hypervascular
105
Q

Sonographic findings of cryptorchidism

A
  1. Testis located outside of the scrotum (most likely in the inguinal canal)
  2. The cryptorchid testis will appear hypoechoic to the normal testis
106
Q

Sonographic findings of penile trauma

A
  1. An irregular hypoechoic or hyperechoic defect at the site of rupture
107
Q

Sonographic findings of an inguinal hernia

A
  1. Heterogeneous mass within the scrotum that moves (peristalsis)
  2. Mass may contain air and fluid
  3. Hydrocele may be present
108
Q

Sonographic findings of a hematocele

A
  1. Complex fluid collection within the scrotum
  2. Scrotal wall thickening
109
Q

Sonographic findings of scrotal trauma

A
  1. Possible fracture line
  2. Indistinct testicular margins
  3. Hematocele
110
Q

Sonographic findings of a seminoma

A
  1. Solid, hypoechoic intratesticular mass
  2. Large seminomas may become heterogenous
111
Q

Sonographic findings of Adrenal rests

A
  1. Bilateral, round, hypoechoic, intratesticular masses (most commonly near the mediastinum testis)
112
Q

Clinical findings of a seminoma

A
  1. Painless scrotal mass
  2. Hardening of the testis
  3. Elevated hCG
113
Q

Clinical findings of scrotal trauma

A
  1. Trauma to the scrotum resulting in acute scrotal pain
  2. Low hematocrit
114
Q

Clinical findings of a hematocele

A
  1. Trauma to the pelvis or scrotum
  2. Recent pelvic or scrotal surgery
  3. Low hematocrit (possible)
115
Q

Clinical findings of an inguinal hernia

A
  1. Persistent or intermittent scrotal swelling
  2. May have abdominal pain and blood in stool
116
Q

Clinical findings of penile trauma

A
  1. History of hearing an audible popping sound during intercourse (corpus cavernosa)
  2. Subcutaneous bleeding area
117
Q

Clinical findings of prostate cancer

A
  1. Elevated PSA
  2. Enlarged prostate
  3. Blood in the urine or semen
  4. Back pain, pelvic pain, hip or thigh pain
  5. Impotence
  6. Decrease in the amount of ejaculated fluid
118
Q

Clinical findings of prostatitis

A
  1. Hematospermia
    2.Painful ejaculation
  2. Perineal pain
  3. Dysuria
119
Q

Clinical findings of seminal vesicle cysts

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. May be associated with zinner syndrome (perineal pain, recurrent prostatitis, painful ejaculation and infertility)
120
Q

Clinical findings of a varicocele

A
  1. Typically painless (large varicoceles can cause discomfort)
  2. Palpable extratesticular mass
  3. Possible infertility
121
Q

Clinical findings of a spermatocele, epididymal cyst, and tunica albuginea cyst

A
  1. If large enough, they may be palpable
  2. Typically not painful
122
Q

Clinical findings of a hydrocele

A
  1. Transilluminates light
  2. Painless scrotal swelling
  3. May present with pain when found in the presence of scrotal infection, testicular torsion, trauma, or a tumor
123
Q

Clinical findings of torsion of the testicular appendage

A
  1. Acute testicular pain
  2. Pain localized to the superior pole of the testis
  3. “Blue dot” sign
124
Q

Clinical findings of a testicular abscess

A
  1. Painful, swollen, scrotum
  2. Fever
  3. Leukocytosis
125
Q

Clinical findings of cryptorchidism

A
  1. One or both testicles not palpable within the scrotum
126
Q

Clinical findings of adrenal rests

A
  1. History of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  2. Elevated adrenocticotropic hormone
127
Q

Clinical findings of epididymitis and epididymoorchitis

A
  1. Acute testicular pain
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Fever
  4. Dysuria
  5. Urethral discharge
  6. Scrotal wall edema
128
Q

The _______ gland secretes a pre-ejaculated fluid that lubricates the penile urethra prior to ejaculation

A

Bulbourethral gland

ARRT (Abdominal US) (14 decks)

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