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ARRT (Abdominal US) > Chapter 10 The Gastrointestinal Tract And Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Chapter 10 The Gastrointestinal Tract And Abdominal Wall Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for pyloric stenosis?

A

3mm in thickness and 17mm in length

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2
Q

In what position is the infant often placed for better sonographic visualization of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Right lateral decubitus

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3
Q

HPS is most often found in infants between:

A

2 and 6 weeks of age

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4
Q

The most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children less than 2 years of age is:

A

Intussusception

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5
Q

Traditionally, treatment for intussusception is by means of:

A

Therapeutic enema

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6
Q

The sonographic finding of fluid-filled, distended loops of bowel is consistent with:

A

Intestinal obstruction

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7
Q

_____is the development of small outpouchings within the sigmoid colon?

A

Diverticulosis

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8
Q

The most common location of the vermiform appendix is in the area of the:

A

Cecum

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9
Q

Rebound tenderness is associated with:

A

Appendicitis

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10
Q

The olive sign is best described as :

A

Enlarged palpable pyloric sphincter

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11
Q

The location of McBurney point?

A

Between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus

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12
Q

What anatomic structure may be noted as a bullseye structure anterior to the abdominal aorta and posterior to the left lobe of liver in SAG plane?

A

Gastroesophageal junction

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13
Q

_______refers to the bowel being physically blocked by something

A

Mechanical

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14
Q

The area of pain and rebound tenderness with acute appendicitis is most likely at:

A

McBurney point

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15
Q

The situation when bowel protrudes into a weakened area in the lower one-fourth of the rectus muscle is referred to as:

A

Spigelian hernia

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16
Q

Diffused liver diseases are:

A
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Hepatitis
  • Glycogen storage disease
  • Steatosis
  • Cirrhosis
  • Fatty sparing
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17
Q

Gastric cancer is most often in the form of:

A

Adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

Other abnormalities that can present much like pyloric stenosis include:

A
  • Midgut malrotation
  • Pylorospasm
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease
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19
Q

What abnormality associates red currant jelly stools?

A

Intussusception

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20
Q

The situation when bowel protrudes into the groin is referred to as:

A

Inguinal hernia

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21
Q

Clinical findings of acute appendicitis

A
  1. Epigastric or general abdominal pain
  2. Acute abdominal pain
  3. Rebound tenderness
  4. Nausea and vomiting
  5. Possible leukocytosis
  6. High fever (Abscess formation)
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22
Q

Layers of gut identified with sonography:

A
  • Serosa
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
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23
Q

Pediatric patients could suffer from bowel obstructions that are caused by a buildup of ingested hair. The mass associated with this is:

A

Trichobezoar

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24
Q

Clinical findings of pyloric stenosis:

A
  1. First-born (white) male infant
  2. Nonbilious, projectile vomiting
  3. Weight loss
  4. Constipation
  5. Dehydration
  6. Insatiable appetite
  7. Palpable olive sign
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25
Q

Pseudomyxoma peritonei can result from:

A

Appendix cancer

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26
Q

An autoimmune disease characterized by periods of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract describes:

A

Crohn disease

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27
Q

The normal intestinal wall should measure less than ______ in thickness

A

5mm

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28
Q

Within the distal stomach lies the ____, a muscle that controls the emptying of the stomach into the duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

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29
Q

The esophagus travels inferiorly within the thorax and through an opening in the diaphragm called the:

A

Esophageal hiatus

30
Q

The ______consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, the small intestines and colon

A

Gastrointestinal tract

31
Q

_____has been cited as the most common cause of acute abdominal pain resulting in surgery

A

Appendicitis

32
Q

There are two types of intestinal obstruction:

A
  • Mechanical
  • Nonmechanical
33
Q

Blood accumulation within the muscle or under the sheath can be the result of:

A

*Abdominal trauma
*May occur spontaneously

34
Q

The _____forms a covering for the paired rectus abdominis muscles

A

Rectus sheath

35
Q

The most common site for endometriosis outside the female pelvis region is the:

A

Anterior abdominal wall

36
Q

Complications of abdominal wall hernias include:

A

*Incarceration
*Strangulation
*Ischemia of the affected bowel

37
Q

What transducer should be used for abdominal wall hernias?

A

A high frequency linear transducer and standoff pad

38
Q

______ occurs within the RLQ at the level of the ileocecal valve

A

ileocolic intussusception

39
Q

______is the telescoping of one segment of bowel into another

A

Intussusception

40
Q

_____is a defect in the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

41
Q

An appendicolith will appear as an:

A

Echogenic, shadowing structure within the lumen of the appendix

42
Q

_____can result from the use of antibiotic therapy that destroys the healthy flora of the intestines and leads to C.difficile

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

43
Q

Different types of colitis include:

A
  • Pseudomembranous
  • Ulcerative
  • Ischemic
  • Infectious
44
Q

_____is the development of small outpouching termed diverticuli in the digestive tract most often the sigmoid colon

A

Diverticulosis

45
Q

_____is an autoimmune disorder characterized by periods of inflammation of the GI tract

A

Crohn disease

46
Q

_____may resemble a cinnamon bun sign in the transverse plane as a result of the alternating echogenicity and the elliptical shape of mass

A

Intusscusception

47
Q

_____are masses various ingested materials may cause intestinal obstructions

A

Bezoars

48
Q

Bezoars that consist of vegetable material are called:

A

Phytobezoars (found in older patients)

49
Q

______or paralytic ileus is when the bowel lacks normal peristalsis

A

Nonmechanical obstruction

50
Q

Stool that contains a mixture of blood and mucus is referred to as _____and it is a hallmark clinical findings of intussusception

A

Jelly stool

51
Q

_____results from the bowel being physically blocked by something

A

Mechanical obstruction

52
Q

Clinical findings of Acute appendicities

A
  1. Initial epigastric or general abdominal pain that, with time is eventually restricted to the RLQ
  2. Acute abdominal pain
  3. Rebound tenderness
  4. Nausea and vomiting
  5. Possible leukocytosis
  6. High fever (with abscess formation)
53
Q

Clinical findings of pyloric stenosis

A
  1. First-born (white) infant male
  2. Nonbilious, projectile vomiting
  3. Weight loss
  4. Constipation
  5. Dehydration
  6. Insatiable appetite
  7. Palpable olive sign
54
Q

Clinical findings of intussusception

A
  1. Intermittent. severe abdominal pain
  2. Vomiting
  3. Palpable abdominal mass
  4. Red currant jelly stools
  5. Leukocytosis
55
Q

Clinical findings of an intestinal obstruction

A
  1. Abdominal distention
  2. Intermittent abdominal pain
  3. Constipation
  4. Nausea and vomiting
56
Q

Clinical findings of Crohn disease

A
  1. Episodes of diarrhea
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Weight loss
  4. Rectal bleeding
57
Q

Clinical findings of diverticulitis

A
  1. Constipation or diarrhea
  2. Fever
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Cramping and LLQ pain
58
Q

Clinical findings of colitis

A
  1. Bloody or watery diarrhea
  2. Fever
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Previous use of antibiotic therapy
59
Q

Clinical findings of Gastric carcinoma

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Anorexia
  4. Vomiting
60
Q

Clinical findings of Endometriosis of the abdominal wall

A
  1. History of endometriosis
  2. Prior cesarean section
  3. Pain on the area of the cesarean section scar (possible pain with menstrual cycle)
  4. Palpable mass
61
Q

Clinical findings of a rectus sheath hematoma

A
  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Palpable abdominal mass
  3. Discoloration of the skin in the area of the hematoma
  4. Decreased hematocrit
62
Q

Sonographic findings of Acute Appendicitis

A
  1. Noncompressible, blind-ended tube that measures more than 6mm in diameter from outer wall to outer wall
  2. Echogenic structure within the lumen of the appendix (appendicolith)
  3. Hyperemic flow within the wall of the inflamed appendix
  4. Periappendiceal fluid collection
63
Q

Sonographic findings of pyloric stenosis

A
  1. Abnormal pylorus appears as a target or doughnut in the short axis view
  2. Abnormal pylorus appears as a cervix in the long axis view
  3. Wall of pylorus will measure greater than or equal to 3mm in thickness
  4. Length of pyloric channel will measure greater than or equal to 17mm
64
Q

Sonographic findings of intussusception

A
  1. Noncompressible, target-shaped or pseudokidney shaped mass that consists of alternating rings of echogenicity (Cinnamon bun sign)
  2. The diameter of the intussuscepted bowel will exceed 3cm
65
Q

Sonographic findings of intestinal obstruction

A
  1. Distended fluid-fluid loops of bowel
  2. An abrupt termination point of the distended bowel may be identified
  3. Increased peristaltic motion with to and fro motion of intraluminal contents (mechanical obstruction only)
66
Q

Sonographic findings of crohn disease

A
  1. Bowel wall thickening
  2. Affected bowel will be noncompressible and have a target appearance
  3. Hyperemic wall
67
Q

Sonographic findings of diverticulitis

A
  1. Segmentally thickened bowel with evidence of an inflamed diverticula and inflamed perienteric fat
  2. Affected bowel segment will typically reveal hyperemia
  3. Inflamed diverticula may appear as echogenic projections from the bowel that produce shadowing or ring-down artifact
68
Q

Sonographic findings of colitis

A
  1. Thickened, hypoechoic colon wall
  2. Hyperemia within the colon wall
69
Q

Sonographic findings of gastric carcinoma

A
  1. Hypoechoic, irregular shaped bulky mass
70
Q

Sonographic findings of a rectus sheath hematoma

A
  1. Blood can appear hypoechoic, hyperechoic, complex and/or anechoic depending on the stage of development
71
Q

Sonographic findings of endometriosis of the abdominal wall

A
  1. Well-defined, lobulated or infiltrative mass
  2. Hypoechoic to the adjacent tissue

ARRT (Abdominal US) (14 decks)

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