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ARRT (Abdominal US) > Chapter 14 Musculoskeletal Imaging, Breast, And Superficial > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Musculoskeletal Imaging, Breast, And Superficial Flashcards

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1
Q

_____at the site of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation

A

Air

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2
Q

Bullets, shrapnel and other metallic objects may cause:

A

Comet-tail artifact

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3
Q

Superficial lipomas appear:

A

*Hyperechoic, isoechoic or hyperechoic to the surrounding tissues

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4
Q

Describe the Thompson test

A

The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of Achilles tendon

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5
Q

Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of:

A

Inflammation

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6
Q

A standoff pad is most useful in imaging:

A

Superficial structures

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7
Q

Tendons sonographically appear as:

A

Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscle to bone

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8
Q

A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as:

A

Focal hyperechoic areas within the tendon

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9
Q

Sonographically, normal muscles appear as:

A

Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

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10
Q

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of:

A

Deep venous thrombosis

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11
Q

Bible bump AKA:

A

Ganglion cyst

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12
Q

A complicated baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as:

A

Pannus

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13
Q

Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is:

A

Tendosynovitis

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14
Q

Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is:

A

Refractive shadowing

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15
Q

Describe the most common sonographic appearance of gynecomastia

A

Hypoechoic, retroareolar mass

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16
Q

Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of:

A

Tendonsynovitis

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17
Q

The accumulation of synovial fluid from weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis is:

A

Baker cyst

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18
Q

What transducer would be best suited to sonographically asses for a splinter in a patients hand?

A

High-frequency linear array trancerducer

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19
Q

________ describes a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels?

A

Hemangioma

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20
Q

What is the most likely cause of a hip joint effusion in infants?

A

Transient synovitis

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21
Q

_____describes a benign tumor comprised of fat?

A

Lipoma

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22
Q

Subluxation denotes:

A

Partial hip dislocation

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23
Q

Describe the Thompson test:

A

Patient lies prone while symptomatic calf is squeezed

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24
Q

Inflammation of the breast that is related to pregnancy is referred to as:

A

Puerperal mastitis

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25
Q

In what position should the patient placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon?

A

Prone

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26
Q

The achilles tendon connects the:

A

Heel to the calf muscle

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27
Q

A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the:

A

Ganglion cyst

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28
Q

A palpable, oozing mass at the natal cleft. What is the most likely etiology of this mass?

A

Pilonidal cyst

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29
Q

What test can be performed to determined a torn achilles tendon?

A

Thompson test

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30
Q

______is a clinical test for developmental hip dysplasia that is used to evaluate the hip for the reduction or relocation of a dislocated hip

A

Ortoani

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31
Q

Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:

A

Cellulitis

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32
Q

______technique is used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating the alpha and beta angles?

A

Graf

33
Q

_____is the most common cause of a joint effusion in children

A

Transient synovitis

34
Q

______is a milk-filled cyst that can develop after an abrupt termination to breast feeding or result from an obstruction to the lactiferous ducts

A

Galactocele

35
Q

Superficial epidermal cyst are most likely found in the:

A
  • Scalp
  • Face
  • Neck
  • Trunk
  • Back
36
Q

A baker cyst or popliteal cyst is located in the:

A

Popliteal fossa

37
Q

A pilonidal cyst is most often found:

A

Within the natal cleft and is located between the buttocks

38
Q

Pilonidal means:

A

Nest of hair

39
Q

Cellulitis is most often caused by:

A

Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes

40
Q

_____is an infection and subsequent inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

Cellulitis

41
Q

Tendons and ligaments sonographically appear:

A

Echogenic

42
Q

Musculoskeletal structures are typically imaged with a _____ transducer

A

Linear arry

43
Q

______is the benign enlargement of the male breast

A

Gynecomastia

44
Q

Sonographic findings of complete tears of achilles tendon rupture

A
  1. Seen as an anechoic or heterogenous area within the tendon, often indicative of a hematoma
  2. Refractive shadowing in the area of the separated tendon with fat, a hematoma or granulomatous material filling in the gap created by the tear
45
Q

Sonographic findings of partial tears of achilles tendon rupture

A
  1. Appears as focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon
46
Q

Sonographic findings of developmental dysplasia of the infant hip

A
  1. Femoral head located completely outside the acetabulum (complete dislocation)
  2. Partially coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum (subluxation)
  3. Evidence of a shallow acetabulum (<50% coverage of femoral head)
  4. Small alpha angle (Graf technique)
  5. Large beta angle (Graf technique)
47
Q

Sonographic findings of hip joint effusion

A
  1. Anechoic or hypoechoic fluid that elevates the anterior capsule of the joint
  2. Width of the abnormal hip joint capsule typically exceed 5mm
48
Q

Sonographic findings of mastitis

A
  1. Ill-defined areas of echogenicity
  2. Diffuse edema
  3. Hypoechoic fluid within the subcutaneous tissue that outlines the fat lobules
  4. Breast skin thickening greater than 2mm
  5. Enlarged lymph nodes may be present
49
Q

Sonographic findings of a breast abscess

A
  1. Palpable, tender lump
  2. Complex, focal mass that contains debris
50
Q

Sonographic findings of galactocele

A
  1. Round, complex mass
  2. May contain a fluid-fluid level
51
Q

Sonographic findings of gynecomastia

A
  1. Hypoechoic mass posterior to the areola
  2. May have a triangular shape
52
Q

Sonographic findings of a superficial epidermal cyst

A
  1. Anechoic, hypoechoic, complex or hyperechoic cyst or mass
  2. Pseudotestis appearance
53
Q

Sonographic findings of a ganglion cyst (2):

A
  1. Noncompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement
  2. May contain debris or septation
54
Q

Sonographic findings of a superficial lipoma

A
  1. Most likely an isoechoic mass as compared to the surrounding tissue
  2. Typically have an oval shape
55
Q

Sonographic findings of a superficial hemangioma

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Blood flow may be detected on color doppler
56
Q

Sonographic findings of a baker cyst

A
  1. Anechoic mass with posterior enhancement
  2. Complicated baker cysts may contain echogenic fluid, debris or septations
57
Q

Sonographic findings of a pilonidal cyst

A
  1. Complex, subcutaneous mass
  2. Hyperemia around the mass
  3. Hypoechoic tract may be seen extending from the cyst to the skin surface
58
Q

Sonographic findings of cellulitis

A
  1. Hypoechoic, edematous strand within the soft tissue
  2. Cobblestone appearance
59
Q

Sonographic findings of metastatic melanoma

A
  1. Solid, vascular hypoechoic mass
60
Q

Sonographic findings of a tendon rupture

A
  1. Focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon (Partial)
  2. Anechoic/heterogenous area within the tendon. (Complete) refractive shadowing
61
Q

Sonographic findings of tendonitis

A
  1. Enlarged, hypoechoic tendon (Diffuse)
  2. Locatized, enlarged hypoechoic area within the tendon (Focal)
  3. Fluid
  4. Hyperemic flow
62
Q

Sonographic findings of muscles

A
  1. Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
63
Q

Clinical findings of achilles tendon rupture

A
  1. Audible snap may be heard
  2. Posterior ankle and leg pain
  3. Positive Thompson test
64
Q

Clinical findings of developmental dysplasia of the infant hip

A
  1. Breech birth
  2. History of DDH
  3. Asymmetric skinfolds on legs
  4. Leg length discrepancy
  5. Limited limb abduction
  6. Positive barlow or ortolani test
65
Q

Clinical findings of hip joint effusion (5):

A
  1. Leg and knee pain
  2. Reluctance to walk
  3. Irritability
  4. Low-grade fever
  5. Mild leukocytosis
66
Q

Clinical findings of mastitis

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Warmth and redness in the area
  4. Fever
  5. Leukocytosis
67
Q

Clinical findings of a Galactocele

A
  1. Palpable, periareolar mass
  2. Possible pain and can become infected
68
Q

Clinical findings of gynecomastia

A
  1. Tender, palpable retroareolar breast mass that is firm to touch
69
Q

Clinical findings of a superficial epidermal cyst

A
  1. Visible, palpable mass just under the skin
  2. Pain and redness in the area
70
Q

Clinical findings of a ganglion cyst

A
  1. Palpable mass often located along the dorsal aspect of hand
  2. Can be painful
71
Q

Clinical findings of a superficial lipoma

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Obvious mass under the skin
  3. Compressible
72
Q

Clinical findings of a superficial hemangioma

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Red or reddish-purple, raised mass on the skin
73
Q

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Focal tenderness in the popliteal fossa
74
Q

Clinical findings of a pilonidal cyst

A
  1. Edema, warmth and pain in the area of the cyst
  2. Bloody drainage from the cyst may be present
75
Q

Clinical findings of cellulitis

A
  1. Red, tender, warm area of the skin
  2. Possible elevated WBC count (especially with abscess development)
76
Q

Malignant melanoma accounts for up to ____of skin cancer

A

11%

77
Q

Clinical findings of a tendon rupture

A
  1. Pain
  2. Edema
  3. Audible snap may be heard
78
Q

Clinical findings of tendonitis

A
  1. Pain
  2. swollen
  3. warm to touch

ARRT (Abdominal US) (14 decks)

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