Chapter 14 Musculoskeletal Imaging, Breast, And Superficial

Question 1

_____at the site of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation

Answer 1

Air

Question 2

Bullets, shrapnel and other metallic objects may cause:

Answer 2

Comet-tail artifact

Question 3

Superficial lipomas appear:

Answer 3

*Hyperechoic, isoechoic or hyperechoic to the surrounding tissues

Question 4

Describe the Thompson test

Answer 4

The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of Achilles tendon

Question 5

Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of:

Answer 5

Inflammation

Question 6

A standoff pad is most useful in imaging:

Answer 6

Superficial structures

Question 7

Tendons sonographically appear as:

Answer 7

Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscle to bone

Question 8

A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as:

Answer 8

Focal hyperechoic areas within the tendon

Question 9

Sonographically, normal muscles appear as:

Answer 9

Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

Question 10

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of:

Answer 10

Deep venous thrombosis

Question 11

Bible bump AKA:

Answer 11

Ganglion cyst

Question 12

A complicated baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as:

Answer 12

Pannus

Question 13

Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is:

Answer 13

Tendosynovitis

Question 14

Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is:

Answer 14

Refractive shadowing

Question 15

Describe the most common sonographic appearance of gynecomastia

Answer 15

Hypoechoic, retroareolar mass

Question 16

Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of:

Answer 16

Tendonsynovitis

Question 17

The accumulation of synovial fluid from weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis is:

Answer 17

Baker cyst

Question 18

What transducer would be best suited to sonographically asses for a splinter in a patients hand?

Answer 18

High-frequency linear array trancerducer

Question 19

________ describes a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels?

Answer 19

Hemangioma

Question 20

What is the most likely cause of a hip joint effusion in infants?

Answer 20

Transient synovitis

Question 21

_____describes a benign tumor comprised of fat?

Answer 21

Lipoma

Question 22

Subluxation denotes:

Answer 22

Partial hip dislocation

Question 23

Describe the Thompson test:

Answer 23

Patient lies prone while symptomatic calf is squeezed

Question 24

Inflammation of the breast that is related to pregnancy is referred to as:

Answer 24

Puerperal mastitis

Question 25

In what position should the patient placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon?

Answer 25

Prone

Question 26

The achilles tendon connects the:

Answer 26

Heel to the calf muscle

Question 27

A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the:

Answer 27

Ganglion cyst

Question 28

A palpable, oozing mass at the natal cleft. What is the most likely etiology of this mass?

Answer 28

Pilonidal cyst

Question 29

What test can be performed to determined a torn achilles tendon?

Answer 29

Thompson test

Question 30

______is a clinical test for developmental hip dysplasia that is used to evaluate the hip for the reduction or relocation of a dislocated hip

Answer 30

Ortoani

Question 31

Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:

Answer 31

Cellulitis

Question 32

______technique is used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating the alpha and beta angles?

Answer 32

Graf

Question 33

_____is the most common cause of a joint effusion in children

Answer 33

Transient synovitis

Question 34

______is a milk-filled cyst that can develop after an abrupt termination to breast feeding or result from an obstruction to the lactiferous ducts

Answer 34

Galactocele

Question 35

Superficial epidermal cyst are most likely found in the:

Answer 35

* Scalp * Face * Neck * Trunk * Back

Question 36

A baker cyst or popliteal cyst is located in the:

Answer 36

Popliteal fossa

Question 37

A pilonidal cyst is most often found:

Answer 37

Within the natal cleft and is located between the buttocks

Question 38

Pilonidal means:

Answer 38

Nest of hair

Question 39

Cellulitis is most often caused by:

Answer 39

Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes

Question 40

_____is an infection and subsequent inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Answer 40

Cellulitis

Question 41

Tendons and ligaments sonographically appear:

Answer 41

Echogenic

Question 42

Musculoskeletal structures are typically imaged with a _____ transducer

Answer 42

Linear arry

Question 43

______is the benign enlargement of the male breast

Answer 43

Gynecomastia

Question 44

Sonographic findings of complete tears of achilles tendon rupture

Answer 44

1. Seen as an anechoic or heterogenous area within the tendon, often indicative of a hematoma 2. Refractive shadowing in the area of the separated tendon with fat, a hematoma or granulomatous material filling in the gap created by the tear

Question 45

Sonographic findings of partial tears of achilles tendon rupture

Answer 45

1. Appears as focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon

Question 46

Sonographic findings of developmental dysplasia of the infant hip

Answer 46

1. Femoral head located completely outside the acetabulum (complete dislocation) 2. Partially coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum (subluxation) 3. Evidence of a shallow acetabulum (<50% coverage of femoral head) 4. Small alpha angle (Graf technique) 5. Large beta angle (Graf technique)

Question 47

Sonographic findings of hip joint effusion

Answer 47

1. Anechoic or hypoechoic fluid that elevates the anterior capsule of the joint 2. Width of the abnormal hip joint capsule typically exceed 5mm

Question 48

Sonographic findings of mastitis

Answer 48

1. Ill-defined areas of echogenicity 2. Diffuse edema 3. Hypoechoic fluid within the subcutaneous tissue that outlines the fat lobules 4. Breast skin thickening greater than 2mm 5. Enlarged lymph nodes may be present

Question 49

Sonographic findings of a breast abscess

Answer 49

1. Palpable, tender lump 2. Complex, focal mass that contains debris

Question 50

Sonographic findings of galactocele

Answer 50

1. Round, complex mass 2. May contain a fluid-fluid level

Question 51

Sonographic findings of gynecomastia

Answer 51

1. Hypoechoic mass posterior to the areola 2. May have a triangular shape

Question 52

Sonographic findings of a superficial epidermal cyst

Answer 52

1. Anechoic, hypoechoic, complex or hyperechoic cyst or mass 2. Pseudotestis appearance

Question 53

Sonographic findings of a ganglion cyst (2):

Answer 53

1. Noncompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement 2. May contain debris or septation

Question 54

Sonographic findings of a superficial lipoma

Answer 54

1. Most likely an isoechoic mass as compared to the surrounding tissue 2. Typically have an oval shape

Question 55

Sonographic findings of a superficial hemangioma

Answer 55

1. Hypoechoic 2. Blood flow may be detected on color doppler

Question 56

Sonographic findings of a baker cyst

Answer 56

1. Anechoic mass with posterior enhancement 2. Complicated baker cysts may contain echogenic fluid, debris or septations

Question 57

Sonographic findings of a pilonidal cyst

Answer 57

1. Complex, subcutaneous mass 2. Hyperemia around the mass 3. Hypoechoic tract may be seen extending from the cyst to the skin surface

Question 58

Sonographic findings of cellulitis

Answer 58

1. Hypoechoic, edematous strand within the soft tissue 2. Cobblestone appearance

Question 59

Sonographic findings of metastatic melanoma

Answer 59

1. Solid, vascular hypoechoic mass

Question 60

Sonographic findings of a tendon rupture

Answer 60

1. Focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon (Partial) 2. Anechoic/heterogenous area within the tendon. (Complete) refractive shadowing

Question 61

Sonographic findings of tendonitis

Answer 61

1. Enlarged, hypoechoic tendon (Diffuse) 2. Locatized, enlarged hypoechoic area within the tendon (Focal) 3. Fluid 4. Hyperemic flow

Question 62

Sonographic findings of muscles

Answer 62

1. Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

Question 63

Clinical findings of achilles tendon rupture

Answer 63

1. Audible snap may be heard 2. Posterior ankle and leg pain 3. Positive Thompson test

Question 64

Clinical findings of developmental dysplasia of the infant hip

Answer 64

1. Breech birth 2. History of DDH 3. Asymmetric skinfolds on legs 4. Leg length discrepancy 5. Limited limb abduction 6. Positive barlow or ortolani test

Question 65

Clinical findings of hip joint effusion (5):

Answer 65

1. Leg and knee pain 2. Reluctance to walk 3. Irritability 4. Low-grade fever 5. Mild leukocytosis

Question 66

Clinical findings of mastitis

Answer 66

1. Pain 2. Swelling 3. Warmth and redness in the area 4. Fever 5. Leukocytosis

Question 67

Clinical findings of a Galactocele

Answer 67

1. Palpable, periareolar mass 2. Possible pain and can become infected

Question 68

Clinical findings of gynecomastia

Answer 68

1. Tender, palpable retroareolar breast mass that is firm to touch

Question 69

Clinical findings of a superficial epidermal cyst

Answer 69

1. Visible, palpable mass just under the skin 2. Pain and redness in the area

Question 70

Clinical findings of a ganglion cyst

Answer 70

1. Palpable mass often located along the dorsal aspect of hand 2. Can be painful

Question 71

Clinical findings of a superficial lipoma

Answer 71

1. Asymptomatic 2. Obvious mass under the skin 3. Compressible

Question 72

Clinical findings of a superficial hemangioma

Answer 72

1. Asymptomatic 2. Red or reddish-purple, raised mass on the skin

Question 73

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst

Answer 73

1. Asymptomatic 2. Focal tenderness in the popliteal fossa

Question 74

Clinical findings of a pilonidal cyst

Answer 74

1. Edema, warmth and pain in the area of the cyst 2. Bloody drainage from the cyst may be present

Question 75

Clinical findings of cellulitis

Answer 75

1. Red, tender, warm area of the skin 2. Possible elevated WBC count (especially with abscess development)

Question 76

Malignant melanoma accounts for up to ____of skin cancer

Answer 76

11%

Question 77

Clinical findings of a tendon rupture

Answer 77

1. Pain 2. Edema 3. Audible snap may be heard

Question 78

Clinical findings of tendonitis

Answer 78

1. Pain 2. swollen 3. warm to touch