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Anatomy And Phisiology > Chapter 8 (test 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 (test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, and hyoid

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, hip bones and lower limbs

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3
Q

Number of bones and variations

A 
Birth: 270
Adult: 206
Variation:
-sesamoid bones develop in tendons
- sutural bones
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4
Q

Sinuses

A

Paranasal Sinuses are the ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary, and fontal

  • mucous membrane lining and air filled
  • lighten anterior portion of skull
  • adds resonance to the voice
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5
Q

Cranial Bones and the cranium

A 
Cranium protects the brain and associated sense organs
- meninges separate the brain from direct contact with the bones
8 cranial bones
-1 frontal
-2 parietal
-2 temporal
-1 occipital
-1 sphenoid
-1 ethmoid
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6
Q

sutures

A

lines running between the cranial bones where they connect

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7
Q

foramina

A

holes for nerves and blood vessels

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8
Q

Facial Bones

A

-support teeth
-gives shape and individuality to face
-form point of orbital and nasal cavities
-attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication
14 bones
-2 maxillae
-2 palatine bones
-2 zygomatic bones
-2 lacrimal bones
-2 nasal bones
-2 inferior nasal conchae
-1 vomer
-1 mandible

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9
Q

Bones associated with the skull

A

auditory ossicles
- 3 inner ear bones: malleus, stapes, and incus
hyoid bone
-supports the tongue

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10
Q

frontal bone

A

forehead and part of roof of cranium

  • coronal suture: connects frontal bone to parietal bones
  • supraorbital margin and supraorbital foramen
  • contains frontal sinus
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11
Q

Parietal Bones

A

most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls
-bordered by all four sutures
-sagittal: between the parietal bones
-coronal: between the frontal and parietal bones
-lambdoid: between the parietal and occipital bone
-squamous: between the temporal and parietal
2 temporal lines= attachment of temporalis muscle

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12
Q

Temporal Bones

A

Lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity

  • zygomatic process
  • mandibular fossa
  • external auditory meatus
  • internal auditory meatus: opening for vestibulocochlear nerve
  • masstiod process and mastiod notch
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13
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Rear and base of skull

  • foramen magnum- opening for the spinal cord
  • skull rests on occipital condyles
  • external occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament
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14
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Optic foramen
sella turcica: houses pituitary gland
sphenoid sinus
-butterfly shaped bone touching the occipital and temporal bones

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15
Q

ethmoid Bone

A

located between the eyes
-perpendicular plate: superior 2/3 of nasal septum
Cribriform (olfactory) foramina
labyrinth with ethmoidal cells=ethmoid sinus
superior and middle nasal conchae: create turbulent airflow

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16
Q

Maxilla

A 
Intermaxillary suture
aveolar processes: bony points between teeth
alveolus: sockets holding teeth
palate: allows chewing while breathing
-palatine process
maxillary process
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17
Q

palatine bones

A

l-shaped bones
-horizontal plate
-perpendicular plate
posterior portion of hard palate

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18
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

forms angles of cheek bones and part of lateral orbital wall

-zygomatic arch: from temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

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19
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A 
froms part of medial wall of each orbit
smallest bones of the skull
lacrimal fossa with lacrimal sac
-tears collect in lacrimal sac--> nasal cavity
located behind the eyes
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20
Q

Nasal Bones

A

bridge of nose
supports cartilages shaping lower portion of nose
often fractured by blow to nose

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21
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

3 conchae in nasal cavity
-superior and middle: part of ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha: a separate bone

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22
Q

Vomer

A

Inferior 1/2 of nasal septum

supports cartilage forming anterior part of nasal septum

23
Q

Mandible

A 
strongest bone of skull
-supports lower teeth
alveo;ar processes
mental foramen
mandibular condyle and TMJ
mandibular foramen
24
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A
  • supports skull and trunk
  • allows for their movement
  • protects the spinal cord
  • absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting
  • provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles
25
Q

Vertebral Column

A 
33 vertebrae all together
5 groups
-7 cervical in neck
-12 throracic in chest
-5 lumbar in neck
-5 fused sacral
-4 fused coccygeal
26
Q

Vertebral Curvatures

A 
1 curve at birth
as an adult 4 normal curvatures
-cervical (at birth)
-thoracic (by the time a kid can sit)
-lumbar (by the time a kid can walk)
-pelvic
27
Q

Vertebra

A 
Body
-mass of spongy bone contains red bone marrow
-covered with thin shell of compact bone
-Function: weight bearing portion
vertebral foramina: vertebral canal for spinal cord
vertebral arch
-pedicle: pillarlike
-lamina: platelike
spinous process
-from apex of arch
transverse process
superior articular processes
-meets inferior articular processes
Facets
-flat articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage
Intervertebral foramen
-opening between 2 vertebrae
-for spinal nerves
28
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A 
1st between C2 and C3
last between L5 and sacrum
2 parts
-nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous mass
-anulus fibrosus: outer ring of fibrocartilage
binds the vertebrae together
bupports body weight
absorbs shock
29
Q

C1 or Atlas

A 
supports the head
no body
superior articular facets
-nodding motion
atlanto-occipital joint: between atlas and occipital bone(cranium)
inferiorarticular facets
30
Q

C2 or Axis

A 
allows for the rotation of the head
dens/odontoid process
-vertebral foramen of atlas
-transverse ligament
Atlantoaxial joint: between the atlas and axis
31
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

bifid or forked spinous processes C2-C6
small body and larger vertebral foramen
transverse foramen in transverse process
-passage and prtection of vertebral arteries and veins
-only in cervical vertebrae
C7 vertebra prominens: spinous process not bifid and very long

32
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A 
12 vertebrae
-the pairs of ribs attach
spinous processes: pointed and angled sharply down
body: >cervical, but <lumbar
costal facets: rib attachment
-transverse costal facets (T1-T10)
-inferior and superior costal facets
33
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A 
5 vertebrae
body: very large and thick
spinous process: blunt and square
superior articular processes: face medially
-resistes to twisting movements
34
Q

Sacrum

A 
5 fused
4 transverse lines
anterior and posterior sacral foramina
sacral promontory: on S1, supports S5
superior articular processes on S1
auricular surface
35
Q

Coccyx

A 
4 small fused
horns on Co1
-attachment for ligaments binding coccyx to sacrum
attachment for muscles of pelvic floor
fractured
-difficult childbirth
-hard fall on butt
36
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

Thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum
attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs
respiratory muscles expand
protect thoracic organs, spleen and most of liver and some kidneys

37
Q

sternum

A 
breastbone
3 regions
-manubrium(clavicular notches)
-body
-xiphoid process
--abdominal muscle attachment
--improper CPR=fatal hemorrage
38
Q

Ribs

A 
12 pairs
-anterior(distal) end
-posterior(proximal) end
-costal cartilage: hyaline cartilage attach to the anterior end to sternum
Head
-superior articular facet
-inferior articular facet
Tubercle
-articular facet
True Ribs: 1-7
-own cartilage connecting directly to the sternum
False Ribs: 8-12
-8-10: cartilage connects to other cartilage
-11-12: floating ribs (no cartilage)
39
Q

Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

A

clavicle and scapula

  • clavicle articulates
  • -medially to sternum (sternoclavicular)
  • -laterally to scapula (acromioclavicular joint)
  • scapula articulates with
  • -humerus (glenohumeral joint)
  • -loose attachment= easily dislocated
40
Q

Clavicle

A

sternal end
acromial end
braces shoulder, keep upper limb away from midline of body

41
Q

scapula

A

acromion
coracoid process: biceps muscle tendon attachment
glenoid cavity
spine

42
Q

humerous

A 
head articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
deltoid tuberosity
capitulum
trochlea
lateral and medial epicondyles
olecranon fossa
coronoid fossa
radial fossa
43
Q

Radius

A 
Head: disc shaped, allows rotation
-articulates with capitulum on humerous
-articulates with radial notch on ulna
styloid process
ulnar notch
44
Q

Ulna

A 
Trochlear notch articulates with of humerus
olecranon
coronoid process
radial notch
styloid process
interosseous membrane
-ligament attaches radius to ulna
-two elbow joints share the load
45
Q

Carpal Bones

A 
8 bones in the wrist
-Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Proximal Row: (in order from lateral to medial)
-scaphoid
-lunate
-triquetrum
-pisiform (sesamoid)
Distal Row: (in order from medial to lateral)
-hamate
-capitate
-trapezoid
-trapezium
46
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

2 hip bones and sacrum
Pelvis: pelvic girdle, ligaments and muscles
-supports trunk on lower limbs
-protects viscera

47
Q

interpubic disc

A

fibrocartilage joins pubic bones

48
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

interpubic disc and regions of pubic bone on each side

49
Q

pollex

A

the thumb

50
Q

hallux

A

big toe

51
Q

Hip Bone

A

iliac crest: superior crest of hip
acetabulum: hip socket
obturator foramen: large hole below acetabulum
adult hip bone: fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis

52
Q

Ileum

A

Greater sciatic notch

sacroiliac joint: auricular surface if ileum to auricular surface of sacrum

53
Q

Ischium

A

ischial tuberosity (where we sit)

54
Q

Pubis (pubic bone)

A

houses the urinary bladder

Anatomy And Phisiology (18 decks)

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