Chapter 2 Flashcards
Element
simplest form of matter with its own unique chemical properties
**one or two letter symbols
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
minerals
inorganic elements taken from soil by plants and passed up the food chain
** structure and enzymes
Nucleus
protons and neutrons
protons
+1 charge
mass=1 amu(atomic mass unit)
neutrons
no charge
mass=1 amu (atomic mass unit)
atomic mass
approximately=protons + neutron
electrons
-1 charge
little to no mass
number of electrons=number of protons
valence electrons
outer most shell
chemical bonding properties of an atom
isotopes
radioisotopes-unstable isotopes that give off radiation
** every element has at least one radioisotope
molecules
chemical particles composed of two or more atoms untied by chemical bonds
compounds
molecules composed of two or more different elements
molecular formula
identifies elements and how many of each are present
nonpolar covalent bond
strongest of all bonds
electrons shared equally
polar covalent bonds
strongest of all bonds
electrons shared unequally
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between slightly + and slightly - charged ions
**very important
-protein structure
-DNA structure
Individually weak but collectively strong
Van der Waals forces
weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms
**changes in electron density causes polarity
hydrophilic
substances dissolve in water
hydrophobic
substances do not dissolve in water
adhesion
tendency of one subject to cling to another
cohesions
tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
chemical reactivity
the ability to participate in chemical reactions
solute
particles of matter in a solution
** can be: gas, liquid, solid
solvent
the more abundant substance in a solution (usually water)
energy
capacity to do work
chemical energy
potential energy stored in molecular bonds
heat
kinetic energy of molecular movement
chemical reaction
process in which covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
catabolism
energy releasing decomposition reactions
- breaks covalent bonds
- smaller molecules
- releases useful energy
anabolism
energy storing synthesis reactions
- requires energy input
- protein or fat
- driven by energy from catabolism
macromolecules
very large organic molecules
- *very high molecular weights
- protein, DNA
monomers
identical or similar subunits
conformation
3D shape of protein crucial to function
- *able to reversibly change
- enzyme function, muscle contraction
Denaturation
extreme conformational change destroying function
chemical bonds
forces holding molecules together
forces attracting one molecule to another
mixtures
consists of substances physically blended, not chemically combined
solvency
the ability to dissolve other chemicals
heat capacity
the amount of heat required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C
potential energy
energy contained in an object because of its position or state
kinetic energy
energy of motion
chemical reactions
process in which covalent/ ionic bond is formed or destroyed
decomposition reaction
breakdown of one larger molecule into 2+ smaller ones
ab=a+b
synthesis reactions
2+ smaller molecules form a larger one
a+b=ab
exchange reactions
2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms
ab+cd=abcd=ac+bd
law of mass action
equations reads from side with a greater quantity of molecules to the one with less
q10 effect
for every 10 degrees C increase the reaction rate doubles
polymers
molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits(monomer)
isomer
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
