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Anatomy And Phisiology > Chapter 6 (test 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

dermatology

A

study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

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2
Q

exfoliate

A

the removal of dead skin cells (keratinocytes)

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3
Q

callus/corns

A

thick accumulation of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet

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4
Q

dander

A

dead cells on the scalp

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5
Q

dandruff

A

clumps stuck together of dander

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6
Q

dermal papillae

A

upward fingerlike extensions of dermis

-only source of nutrition for the hair

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7
Q

stretch marks

A

tears in collagen fibers caused by the stretching of skin

- occurs in the reticular layer of the dermis

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8
Q

hemoglobin

A

part of the blood that carries oxygen

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9
Q

carotene

A

yellow pigment from egg yolks and yellow/orange veggies

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10
Q

friction ridges

A

finger prints

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11
Q

freckles

A

flat, melanized patches

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12
Q

moles

A

elevated melanized patches often with hair

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13
Q

pilus

A

another name for hair

-pili (plural)

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14
Q

hair

A

slender filament of keratinized cells growing from an oblique tube in the skin (hair follicle)

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15
Q

hair follicle

A

oblique tube in the skin

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16
Q

hair receptors

A

nerve fibers in hair follicle

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17
Q

aloplecia

A

thinning of hair or baldness

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18
Q

pattern baldness

A

condition when hair loss occurs from specific regions of the scalp

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19
Q

bromhidrosis

A

disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action on fatty acid

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20
Q

acid mantle

A

inhibits bacterial growth

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21
Q

insensible perspiration

A

no visible wetness of skin

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22
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating with wetness of skin

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23
Q

holocrine gland

A

secretion of broken down cells

-mitosis replaces at base of gland

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24
Q

eschar

A

burned dead tissue

-toxic if not removed from skin

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25
Q

components of integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous gland

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26
Q

layers

A

epidermis and dermis

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27
Q

epidermis

A

top layer of skin

  • 5 types of cells
  • stem cells
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • tactile(merkel) cells
  • dendritic(langerhans) cells
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28
Q

layers of epidermis

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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29
Q

stratum corneum

A

up to 30 layers
surface cells flake off
resists abrasion, penetration and water loss

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30
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only in thick skin
thin translucent zone(dead cells)
cells with no nucleus or other organelles

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31
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat cells

dark staining coarse

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32
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of cells
deepest layer is capable of mitosis
keratin filaments=flattens cell

33
Q

stratum basale

A

1 layer stem cells and keratinocytes on basement membrane

  • melanocyte and tactile cells also present
  • replaces lost epidermal cells
34
Q

thick skin

A

location: palms, soles, fingers and toes
thick layer
sweat glands present

35
Q

thin skin

A

location: everywhere but hands and feet
thin layer
sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands present

36
Q

life of a keratinocyte

A
  • start from stem cels in the stratum basale
  • mitosis occurs until cells migrate 2-3 cells away from the dermis
  • new keratinocytes push the older ones upward until they make it to the skins surface and flake off after 30-40 days
  • in stratum granulosum 3 things happen
  • they die
  • keratohyalin granules release filaggrin
  • cells are water-proofed
  • cells above water barrier die quickly and are exfoliated
37
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue layer
-contains blood vessels, sweat glands (merocrine and apocrine), sebaceous gland, and nerve endings
-also the hair follicles and nail roots
*dermal papillae is the border between the epidermis and the dermis top
Top layer- papillary layer: areolar tissue
-rich in small blood vessels
Bottom Layer- reticular layer: dense, irregular connective tissue

38
Q

hypodermis

A 
layer underneath the skin
-areolar and adipose tissue
-pads the body
-binds skin to the underlying tissues
subQ fat: energy reservoir and thermal insulation
39
Q

skin function

A

resistant to trauma and infection

  • keratin and acid mantle
  • waterproof
  • barrier against UV radiation and harmful chemicals
  • vitamin D systhesis
  • sensation
  • thermoregulation
  • nonverbal communication
  • transdermal absorption
40
Q

Dark skin

A

synthesizes more melanin
melanin granules are spread out more
melanin degrades slower
melanized cells seen throughout epidermis
-darker the skin: higher levels of eumelanin

41
Q

light skin

A

melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus
melanin degrades rapidly
little seen beyond stratum basale
-lighter the skin: high levels of pheomelanin

42
Q

colors of diagnostic value

A

cyanosis-blueness of skin from oxygen deprivation
pallor-pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow through the skin
hematoma(bruise)- mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
albinism- genetic lack of melanin resulting in white hair, pale skin and pink eyes
jaundice- yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in blood
erythema-abnormal redness of skin due to dilated cutaneous vessels

43
Q

UV radiation

A 
adverse effects: 
-skin cancer
-degrades folic acid, needed for normal cell devision, fertility and fetal development
desirable:
-stimulates synthesis of vitamin D
44
Q

structure of the hair

A

bulb, root, shaft, follicle(dermal papilla, hair matrix, epithelial root sheath and connective root sheath)

45
Q

Bulb

A

swelling at base where hair originates

-living cells are only in or near this area

46
Q

root

A

remainder of hair in follicle

47
Q

shaft

A

portion above skin surface

48
Q

hair matrix

A

region of mitotically active cells directly above papilla

-hairs growth center

49
Q

epithelial root sheath

A

extension of epidermis
next to hair root
bulge: source of stem cells for follicle growth

50
Q

connective tissue root sheath

A

from dermis

surrounds epithelial root sheath

51
Q

layers of hair

A

medulla: core with loosely arranged cells and air space
cortex: most of hair; several layers of keratinized cells
cuticle: multiple layers of thin scaly cells overlapping

52
Q

hair cycle

A

Anagen, catagen, telogen

53
Q

anagen

A

growth stage

  • stem cells multiply
  • push dermal papilla deeper–> forms epidermal root sheath
  • cells directly above dermal papilla=hair matrix
  • becomes hair cells, make keratin and die as pushed up
  • new hair grows up follicle, often among old club hair
54
Q

catagen

A

degenerative stage, mitosis stops and sheath cells below bulge die

  • follicle shrinks and dermal papilla moves up to bulge
  • base of hair keratinizes–>hard club– club hair
  • loses its anchorage
  • easy to pull out by brushing
55
Q

telogen

A

resting stage, when papilla reaches bulge

56
Q

hair function

A

trunk and limb:vestigial
hair receptors: alert us
scalp: retain heat and protects against sunburn
pubic and axillary hair: signifies sexual maturity, aid in transmission of sexual scents
eyelashes and eyebrows: nonverbal communication

57
Q

structure of the nails

A

very thin, dead cells and hard keratin

  • nail plate
  • free edge
  • nail body
  • nail root
  • nail fold
  • nail groove
  • nail bed
  • nail matrix
  • lunule
  • eponychium (cuticle)
58
Q

nail plate

A

hard part of nail

59
Q

free edge

A

overhangs fingertip

60
Q

nail body

A

visible attached part

61
Q

nail root

A

extends under skin

62
Q

nail fold

A

surrounding skin above nail

63
Q

nail groove

A

separates nail fold and nail plate

64
Q

nail bed

A

skin under the nail plate

65
Q

nail matrix

A

growth zone, thickened stratum basale

-mitosis=nail growth

66
Q

lunule

A

opaque white cresent

67
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle

-narrow zone of dead skin

68
Q

glands

A 
merocrine
apocrine
sebaceous
ceruminous 
mammmary
69
Q

Merocrine (eccrine)

A

function: secretes watery sweat that cools the body
open to: the skin surface
location: entire body

70
Q

apocrine

A

function: produce thick, milky sweat with fatty acids
opens to: ducts go to hair follicles
location: groin, anal region, axilla, areola, bearded area

71
Q

sebaceous glands

A

sebum: oily secretion made
flask shaped glands opening into hair follicle
keeps hair and skin from becoming dry, brittle and cracked

72
Q

ceruminous glands

A

only in external ear canal
secretion+sebum+dead epithelial cells=ear wax
-keeps eardrum pliable
-waterproofs canal
-kills bacteria
-makes guard hairs sticky=blocks foreign particles
coiled tubular glands open to skin surface

73
Q

mammary glands

A

milk producing glands develop only during pregnancy and lactation

  • modified apocrine sweat gland
  • richer secretion opens into nipple
74
Q

sweat

A

begins protein-free filtrate of blood plasma

  • K, urea, lactic acid, ammonia, some salt
  • some drugs excreted in sweat
  • 99% water with a pH of 4-6
  • acid mantle: inhibit bacterial growth
75
Q

skin cancer

A

induced by UV rays (easiest to treat, highest survival rates in caught early and most common)

  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
76
Q

burns

A

damage done to the skin due to UVA and UVB rays

  • 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree
  • leading cause of accidental death due to fluid loss, infection and toxic effects of eschar
77
Q

1st degree burn

A

partial-thickness burn; only epidermis

-most sunburns

78
Q

2nd degree burn

A

partial-thickness burn; epidermis and part of dermis

  • blistered and painful
  • leaves part of dermis intact
79
Q

3rd degree burn

A

full thickness burn; skin and often deeper tissues destroyed

  • requires skin graft
  • needs fluid replacement and infection control

Anatomy And Phisiology (18 decks)

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