Chapter 1 Flashcards
anatomy
examining the structure of the human body
physiology
the functions of the human body
inspection
visual observation of the body in the course of a medical examination
palpation
physical examination in medical diagnosis by pressure of the hand or fingers to the surface of the body specifically to determine the condition of an underlying part or organ
auscultation
act of listening to sounds arising within organs as an aid to diagnosis and treatment
percussion
the act or technique of tapping the surface of a body part to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the resulting sound
comparative anatomy
study more than one species to examine structural similarities and differences, and analyze evolutionary trends
exploratory surgery
opening the body and looking inside
medical imaging
viewing inside of the body with out surgery
gross anatomy
what can be seen with the naked eye
comparative physiology
studying different species to learn about bodily functions
***basis for development of new drugs and medical procedures
hypothesis
educated speculation or possible answer
falsifiability
if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong
sample size
number of subjects used in a study
control
control group and treatment group
**comparison of treated and untreated individuals
psychosomatic effects
effects of subjects state of mind on his or her physiology
**use of a placebo
placebo
“sugar pill”
fake treatment
experimenter bias
the experimenter may be swayed one way or the other due to any possible bias
double-blind study
neither the experimenter nor the subjects of a study know details about the experimental components
statistical testing
provides statements of probability
different between control and test subjects was not random variation
results due to variable being tested
peer review
critical evaluation by other experts in a field
**ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science
scientific fact
info that can be independently verified by a trained person
law of nature
generalizations about the predictable way matter and energy behave
- *results from inductive reasoning and repeated observation
- *written as verbal statements or mathematical formulae
theory
an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
- *summarizes what we know
- *suggests direction for further study
evolution
change in genetic composition of population of organisms
EX: development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and appearance of new strains of AIDS virus
natural selection
some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competition
- *disease resistance
- *ability to attract mates
selection pressures
natural F that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others
adaptaions
features of an organism’s anatomy, physiology, or behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable organism to cope with challenges of its environment
model
animal species selected for research on particular problem
vestigial organs
remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in ancestors of a species, and now serve little or no purpose
Organization
living things exhibit a higher level of organization that nonliving world around them
cellular composition
living matter is always compartmentalized into more than one cells
Metabolism
sum of all internal chemical change
responsiveness
sense and react to stimuli
homeostasis
maintaining relatively stable internal conditions
development
differentiation and growth
reproduction
producing copies of themselves
**pass genes to offspring
Mutations
a relatively permanent change in hereditary material involving either a physical or biochemical change
