Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards
Social Facilitation
When people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others.
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at ( or simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks ( or complex tasks).
Ex: An expert pianis may perform better in concert thhan when alone in practive sessions. However, someone with very limited knowledge of music would perform worse in a social setting than when alone.
Social Action
Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around them.
Deindividuation
The idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group.
Ex: Good people that support Trump and get around the bad people that support trump. The good people begin to riot and storm the capital with the bad people.
Bystander Effect
The observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need.
Bystander Effect
- In low-danger scenarios:
- In high-danger scenarios:
- In low-danger scenarios:
- Bystanders are less likely to provide aid
- In high-danger scenarios:
- Bystanders are more likely to intervene
Social Loafing
The tendency of individuals to put in less effort in group settings as compared to an individual setting.
Example: When you have group members that do no work.
Peer Pressure
The social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual.
The mechanism behind peer pressure has been explained by the ____.
Identity Shift Effect
Identity Shift Effect (Define)
When an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group. However, the individual will begin to experience internal conflict because the behavior is outside the normal character of the individual. To eliminate the sense of internal conflcit, the individual expereinces an identity shift wherein the individual adopts the standards of the group as her own.
Cognitive Dissonance
The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinons.
Group Polarization
The tendency toward decisions that are more extreme than the individual inclinations of the group members.
Ex: Political parties or even jury trials will decide on more harsh policies and punishments as a group then individually.
Group Think
The tendency for groups to make decsions based on ideas and solutions that aruse witin the group without considering outside ideas and ethics; based on the pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group. This usually leads to incorrect or poor decisions because of membrs wanting to conform which ultimatly decreses critical thinking of the group.
What type of behavior does Deindividuation cause?
Antinormative Behavior
Culture
The beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people.
Assimilation
The process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group. This can aslo mean that groups of different cultures begin to merge as one.
Multiculturalism
Communities or societies containing multiple cultures.
Subcultures
Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.
What are the similarities and differences between group polarization and group think?
Group polarization and group think are both social processes that occur when groups make decisions. Group polarization is the tendency toward extreme decisons in a group. Groupthink is the tendency for groups to make decisons based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas, given the pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group.
What are the differenced between assimilation and multiculturalism.
Societies that contain multiple cultures can exhibit multiculturalism or assmilitaion. Assimilation is the process by which multiple cultures begin to merge into one, typically with an unequal blending of ideas and beliefs. Multiculturalism refers to the idea that multiple cultures should be encouraged and respected without one culture being dominant over all.
____ the process of developing, inherting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.
Socialization
Primary Socialization
Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity. In children, this sets the stage for future socialization and provides the foundation for creating personal opinions.
Seconday Socialization
The process of learning appropriate behavipr within smaller sections of the larger society.
Ex: The behavior necessary to thrive in school is completely different from home. People that move to different regions or go to different schools experience this.
Anticipatory Socialization
The process by which a person prepares for future changed in occupations, living situations, or relationships.
Ex: A couple that is living together and preparing for married life.
Norms
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
Folkways
Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions.
Ex: shaking hands after a sports match.
Deviance
(From a Sociological Context)
Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a societ.
Social Stigma
The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.
Ex: People with HIV have a bad stigma against them.
Labeling Theory
Labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image.
Ex: If members of society label a woman as promiscous, this could either lead to further promiscuity or to a change in behavior that is more acceptable in life.
Differential Association Theory
Theory that deviance can be learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior, If those deviant interactions outnumber interactions with those who conform to social norms. Then he or she will fall with the deviant group “fall for the wrong group”.
Strain Theory
Attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconncet between social goals and social structure.
Ex: The American dream (which refers to aquiring wealth and personal stability through achievment and hard work). The American dream is considered a desirable social goal, but the structure of society is unable to guarantee the education and opportunity needed to achieve this goal to all citizens. Therefore, deviant behavior such as theft may arise as an attempt to acheive the social goal outside of the limiting social structure.
Conformity
Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms.
Internalization (Conformity)
Changing ones behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group. Changing internal thoughts to agree with the idea.
identification (Conformity)
The outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas. Acceptance of the ideas on the surface level without internalizing it.
Compliance
A change in behavior based on a direct request. Not from an authorative figure.
Foot-in-the-door technique
(Compliance)
A small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.
Ex: A fellow classmate asking to borrow your notes because he had to miss class. You agree and offer to share the notes at the next class session. Later in the day, your see the student again, and he asks you if you would be willing to make copies of your notes because he does not have access to a copier. Many people will still comply at this point because the first request opened the door to continued complieance.
Door-In-The-Face Technique
(Compliance)
This is the opposite of the foot-in-the-door technique, wherein a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.
Ex: A fellow student might ask you to make a copy of your notes from class and bring them to the next class. If you deny the request, the student might follow up with a smaller request, asking to borrow your notes so he can make copies for himself. The second, more reasonale request may be granted.
Lowball Technique
(Compliance)
The requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment. It is importane to note that cost need not only include money, but can also include effort and time.
Ex: You are asked by your boss to head a committee with a time but discover afterward that the commitment also includes written reports from each meetin and a quarterly presentation.
That’s-not-all-technique
(Compliance)
An individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected.
Ex: This method is freqeuntly used in ad commercials. For the low price of $19.99, you will recieve two bottles of salon-grade shampoo. But, if you call in the next thrity minutes, you will receive not only those two bottles, but a bottle of conditioner!
Obedience
Changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.
Central Route Processing
(High elaboration)
Scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information.
Ex: consider two voters watching a political campaign, one may be swayed by the clear arguements made by one candidate.
Peripheral Route Processing
(Low Elaboration)
Focusing on superficial details of persuasive information, such as appearances, catchphrases, slogans, and credibility.
Ex: Consider two voters watching a capaign, one may be swayed by the perception that the candidate is more personable.
Social Cognitive Theory
people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others.
What are the three component of attitude?
- Affective
- Behvaioral
- Cognitive
What are the four functional areas od the dunctional attitudes theory.
- Knowledge
- Ego expression
- Adaptation
- Ego defense
What are the three interactive factors of Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation?
- Behavioral factors
- Personal factors
- Environmental factors
