Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

Social Facilitation

Answer 1

When people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others.

Question 2

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Answer 2

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at ( or simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks ( or complex tasks).

Ex: An expert pianis may perform better in concert thhan when alone in practive sessions. However, someone with very limited knowledge of music would perform worse in a social setting than when alone.

Question 3

Social Action

Answer 3

Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around them.

Question 4

Deindividuation

Answer 4

The idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group.

Ex: Good people that support Trump and get around the bad people that support trump. The good people begin to riot and storm the capital with the bad people.

Question 5

Bystander Effect

Answer 5

The observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need.

Question 6

Bystander Effect

• In low-danger scenarios:
• In high-danger scenarios:

Answer 6

• In low-danger scenarios:
  
  • Bystanders are less likely to provide aid
• In high-danger scenarios:
  
  • Bystanders are more likely to intervene

Question 7

Social Loafing

Answer 7

The tendency of individuals to put in less effort in group settings as compared to an individual setting.

Example: When you have group members that do no work.

Question 8

Peer Pressure

Answer 8

The social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual.

Question 9

The mechanism behind peer pressure has been explained by the ____.

Answer 9

Identity Shift Effect

Question 10

Identity Shift Effect (Define)

Answer 10

When an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group. However, the individual will begin to experience internal conflict because the behavior is outside the normal character of the individual. To eliminate the sense of internal conflcit, the individual expereinces an identity shift wherein the individual adopts the standards of the group as her own.

Question 11

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 11

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinons.

Question 12

Group Polarization

Answer 12

The tendency toward decisions that are more extreme than the individual inclinations of the group members.

Ex: Political parties or even jury trials will decide on more harsh policies and punishments as a group then individually.

Question 13

Group Think

Answer 13

The tendency for groups to make decsions based on ideas and solutions that aruse witin the group without considering outside ideas and ethics; based on the pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group. This usually leads to incorrect or poor decisions because of membrs wanting to conform which ultimatly decreses critical thinking of the group.

Question 14

What type of behavior does Deindividuation cause?

Answer 14

Antinormative Behavior

Question 15

Culture

Answer 15

The beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people.

Question 16

Assimilation

Answer 16

The process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group. This can aslo mean that groups of different cultures begin to merge as one.

Question 17

Multiculturalism

Answer 17

Communities or societies containing multiple cultures.

Question 18

Subcultures

Answer 18

Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.

Question 19

What are the similarities and differences between group polarization and group think?

Answer 19

Group polarization and group think are both social processes that occur when groups make decisions. Group polarization is the tendency toward extreme decisons in a group. Groupthink is the tendency for groups to make decisons based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas, given the pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group.

Question 20

What are the differenced between assimilation and multiculturalism.

Answer 20

Societies that contain multiple cultures can exhibit multiculturalism or assmilitaion. Assimilation is the process by which multiple cultures begin to merge into one, typically with an unequal blending of ideas and beliefs. Multiculturalism refers to the idea that multiple cultures should be encouraged and respected without one culture being dominant over all.

Question 21

____ the process of developing, inherting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.

Answer 21

Socialization

Question 22

Primary Socialization

Answer 22

Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity. In children, this sets the stage for future socialization and provides the foundation for creating personal opinions.

Question 23

Seconday Socialization

Answer 23

The process of learning appropriate behavipr within smaller sections of the larger society.

Ex: The behavior necessary to thrive in school is completely different from home. People that move to different regions or go to different schools experience this.

Question 24

Anticipatory Socialization

Answer 24

The process by which a person prepares for future changed in occupations, living situations, or relationships.

Ex: A couple that is living together and preparing for married life.

Question 25

Norms

Answer 25

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

Question 26

Folkways

Answer 26

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions.

Ex: shaking hands after a sports match.

Question 27

Deviance

(From a Sociological Context)

Answer 27

Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a societ.

Question 28

Social Stigma

Answer 28

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.

Ex: People with HIV have a bad stigma against them.

Question 29

Labeling Theory

Answer 29

Labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image.

Ex: If members of society label a woman as promiscous, this could either lead to further promiscuity or to a change in behavior that is more acceptable in life.

Question 30

Differential Association Theory

Answer 30

Theory that deviance can be learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior, If those deviant interactions outnumber interactions with those who conform to social norms. Then he or she will fall with the deviant group “fall for the wrong group”.

Question 31

Strain Theory

Answer 31

Attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconncet between social goals and social structure.

Ex: The American dream (which refers to aquiring wealth and personal stability through achievment and hard work). The American dream is considered a desirable social goal, but the structure of society is unable to guarantee the education and opportunity needed to achieve this goal to all citizens. Therefore, deviant behavior such as theft may arise as an attempt to acheive the social goal outside of the limiting social structure.

Question 32

Conformity

Answer 32

Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms.

Question 33

Internalization (Conformity)

Answer 33

Changing ones behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group. Changing internal thoughts to agree with the idea.

Question 34

identification (Conformity)

Answer 34

The outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas. Acceptance of the ideas on the surface level without internalizing it.

Question 35

Compliance

Answer 35

A change in behavior based on a direct request. Not from an authorative figure.

Question 36

Foot-in-the-door technique

(Compliance)

Answer 36

A small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.

Ex: A fellow classmate asking to borrow your notes because he had to miss class. You agree and offer to share the notes at the next class session. Later in the day, your see the student again, and he asks you if you would be willing to make copies of your notes because he does not have access to a copier. Many people will still comply at this point because the first request opened the door to continued complieance.

Question 37

Door-In-The-Face Technique

(Compliance)

Answer 37

This is the opposite of the foot-in-the-door technique, wherein a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.

Ex: A fellow student might ask you to make a copy of your notes from class and bring them to the next class. If you deny the request, the student might follow up with a smaller request, asking to borrow your notes so he can make copies for himself. The second, more reasonale request may be granted.

Question 38

Lowball Technique

(Compliance)

Answer 38

The requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment. It is importane to note that cost need not only include money, but can also include effort and time.

Ex: You are asked by your boss to head a committee with a time but discover afterward that the commitment also includes written reports from each meetin and a quarterly presentation.

Question 39

That’s-not-all-technique

(Compliance)

Answer 39

An individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected.

Ex: This method is freqeuntly used in ad commercials. For the low price of $19.99, you will recieve two bottles of salon-grade shampoo. But, if you call in the next thrity minutes, you will receive not only those two bottles, but a bottle of conditioner!

Question 40

Obedience

Answer 40

Changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.

Question 41

Central Route Processing

(High elaboration)

Answer 41

Scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information.

Ex: consider two voters watching a political campaign, one may be swayed by the clear arguements made by one candidate.

Question 42

Peripheral Route Processing

(Low Elaboration)

Answer 42

Focusing on superficial details of persuasive information, such as appearances, catchphrases, slogans, and credibility.

Ex: Consider two voters watching a capaign, one may be swayed by the perception that the candidate is more personable.

Question 43

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 43

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others.

Question 44

What are the three component of attitude?

Answer 44

1. Affective
2. Behvaioral
3. Cognitive

Question 45

What are the four functional areas od the dunctional attitudes theory.

Answer 45

1. Knowledge
2. Ego expression
3. Adaptation
4. Ego defense

Question 46

What are the three interactive factors of Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation?

Answer 46

1. Behavioral factors
2. Personal factors
3. Environmental factors