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Psychology/Sociology Kaplan > Chapter 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of ____ looks at how our brain process and reach to the incredible information overload presented to us by the world.

A

Cognition

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2
Q

The three steps in the information processing model are:
1.
2.
3.

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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3
Q 
Piaget Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Name and explain each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Sensorimotor: Focuses on manipulating environment for physical needs; circular reactions; ends with object permanence (Birth- 2 years old)
  2. Preoperational: SYMBOLIC THINKING, egocentrism, and centration. (2-7 years old)
  3. Concrete Operational: Understands conservation and the feelings of others; can manipulate concrete objects logically (7-11 years old)
  4. Formal Operational: Can think abstractly and problem solve. (11 years of age and older)
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4
Q

Dual-coding Theory

A

States that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information.
The word “dad” can recall some information, and a picture of “dad” recall the same information.

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5
Q

The development of ones ability to think and solve problems across the life span. ____

A

Cognitive Development

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6
Q

The key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage is the development of ____.

A

Object Permanence

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7
Q 
Object Permanence (Define)
Example
A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
Peek-A-Boo does not work on kids anymore

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8
Q

Symbolic Thinking

A

The ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination.

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9
Q

Egocentrism

A

The inability to imagine what another person may thin or feel.

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10
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

consists of problem solving skills

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11
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

consists of learned skills and knowledge

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12
Q

Delirium

A

rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (non psychological) causes. Caused by things such as low blood sugar, malnutrition, infection, etc.

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13
Q

An elderly man is taken to his doctor by his daughter, His daughter says that during the past two days, he has been speaking to his wife who has been deceased for four years. Prior to that, he was completely normal. The elderly man most likely has.

A

Delirium. The time course is incompatible with the slow decline of dementia.

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14
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The inability to consider how to use ab object in a non-traditional manner.

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15
Q

Trial-and-error

A

Type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work.

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16
Q

Algorithm

A

A formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem. Usually, automatically produces a desired solution.

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17
Q

Deductive (top-down) reasoning

A

Starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given (Taking some sort of data/facts and making an assumption). You will know if it is true!

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18
Q

Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

A

Create a theory (looking for a pattern or trend) through generalizations. You don’t know if it will be true!

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19
Q

Heuristics

A

simplified principles used to make decisions.

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20
Q

What are Heuristics usually called?

A

Rule of Thumb

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21
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Is when we try to decide how likely something is. When we use this heuristic, we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.

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22
Q

Representative Heuristic

A
  • Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category.
  • Consider a standard coin that is flipped ten times in a row and lands on heads every time. What is the probability of the coping landing heads the next time? Mathematically, the probability will be 50%, but most individuals will either over estimate the probability based on the pattern that has been established, or underestimate the probability with the logic that the number of heads and tails must “even out”.
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23
Q

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numeric information is called ___.

A

Base Rate Fallacy

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24
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

The ideas that states that if evidence obtained during testing does not confirm a hypothesis, then the hypothesis is discarded or revised.

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25
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

the tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them.

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26
Q

What can disprove disconfirmation principle?

A

The presence of confirmation bias

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27
Q

Confirmation Bias can contribute to ____.

A

Overconfidence

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28
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

The inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence ti the contrary.

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29
Q

Intuition

A

The ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence.

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30
Q

IQ Equation

A

(Mental Age/Chronological Age)x10

A 40 year old with intelligence abilities at the level of the average 60 year old would have an IQ of 150. (60/40)X100= 150

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31
Q

A child plays with a tool set, noting that a nail can only be hit with a hammer. When a friend suggest that the handle of a screwdriver can be used to hit a nail, the child passionately object. This is an example of:

A

Functional Fixedness

32
Q

A doctor uses a flow chart to treat a patient with sepsis. Given its use in problem solving, a flowchart is an example of a(n):

A

Algorithm

33
Q

A patient in mental health facility believes that the sky is pink. Despite several trips outside, the patient still declares the sky is pink. What psychological principle does this represent?

A

Belief Perseverance

34
Q

The state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think?

A

Alertness

35
Q

Sleep is studied by recording brain wave activity occurring during the course of a night sleep. This is done with ____ which records an average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain.

A

EEG (Electroencephalography)

36
Q

What are the five different EEG Patterns?

A 
Beta
Alpha
Theta
Delta
REM
37
Q

Beta Waves

A

Have a high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration.

38
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Occur when we are awake but relaxed with our eyes closed, and are somewhat slower than beta waves. More synchronized then beta waves

39
Q

Mnemonic for sequential Brain Waves

A

BAT-D

a BAT sleeps during the Day

40
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

Pineal Gland

41
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Adrenal Cortex

42
Q

Where is melatonin derived from?

A

Serotonin

43
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

Dreams are caused by a wide speed, random activation of neural circuitry. This activation can mimic incoming sensory information, and may also consists of pieces of stored memories, current and previous desires, met and unmet needs, and other experiences. The cortex then tries to stitch this unrelated information together, resulting in a dream that is both bizarre and somewhat familiar.

44
Q

Problem Solving Dream Theory

A

Dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping.

45
Q

Cognitive Process Dream Theory

A

You dream about what your consciously thinking about.

46
Q

Dyssomnias

A

disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep.

Insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

47
Q

Parasomnias

A

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

night terrors and sleep walkinh

48
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

49
Q

Narcolepsy

A

lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep

50
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

a sensation of being unable to move despite being awake

51
Q

Sleep apnea

A

inability to breath during sleep

52
Q

Night Terrors

A

periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow wave sleep

53
Q 
For each of the sleep stages below, list its EEG waveforms and main features.
Stage     EEG Waves     Features
Awake
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
REM
A

Awake: Beta & Alpha waves, Able to perceive process, access information and express that information verbally
Stage 1: Theta Waves, Light sleep and dozing
Stage 2: Theta Waves, Sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3: Delta Waves, Slow-wave sleep; dreams; declarative memory consolidation; sleep-wake disorders
Stage 4: Delta Waves, Slow-wave sleep; dreams; declarative memory consolidation; sleep-wake disorders
REM: Mostly Beta, appear awake physiologically; dreams; procedural memory consolidation; body is paralyzed

54
Q

Which two hormones are most associated with maintaining circadian rhythms.
1.
2.

A

Melatonin

Cortisol

55
Q

Phonology

A

the actual sound of language

56
Q

Morphology

A

the structure of words

Biology can be broken down into Bio- living things logy- the study of life.

57
Q

Semantics

A

the association of meaning with a word

58
Q

Syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences.
A child must notice the effects of word order on meaning. “Nathan has only 3 pieces of candy” has a very different meaning than “Only Nathan has 3 pieces of candy”

59
Q

Pragmatics

A

The dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge.
In other words, the manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship with that audience.

60
Q 
For each of the ages below, list the expected milestone(s) of language development.
Age                           Milestones
9 to 12 months
12 to 18 months
18 to 20 months 
2 to 3 years old
5 years old
A

9 to 12 months: Babbling
12 to 18 months: Increase of about one word per month
18 to 20 months:” Explosions of language” and combining word (two-word sentences)
2 to 3 years old: Longer sentences of three or more words
5 years old: Language rules largely mastered

61
Q

For each of the theories of language acquisition below, what is the primary motivation or trigger for language development?

  • Nativist (Biological)
  • Learning (Behavior)
  • Social Interactionist
A
  • Nativist (Biological): innate ability to pick up language through the language acquisition device
  • Learning (Behavior): It is operant conditioning with reinforcement by parents and caregivers.
  • Social Interactionist: A desire to communicate and act socially
62
Q

Brocas Area

  • location
  • function
A

Location: Frontal Lobe

controls the motor function of speech

63
Q

Wernicke’s Area

  • location
  • function
A

Location: Temporal Lobe

responsible for language comprehension

64
Q

Brocas Aphasia

A

difficulty producing language, with hesitancy and great difficulty coming up with words

65
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

fluent, but includes nonsensical sounds and words lacking of meaning (gibberish).

66
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

difficulty repeating speech, with intact speech production and comprehension

67
Q

____ reduces nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety.

A

Depressants

68
Q

What is the most common depressant?

A

Alcohol

69
Q

How is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Activated?

A

deficiency of thiamine (Vitamin B1)

70
Q

Barbiturates/Benzodiazepines (less prone to overdose)

A

anxiety reducing and sleep medications

71
Q

____ increases arousal in the nervous system?

A

Stimulants

72
Q

Amphetamines

A

increase arousal by increasing the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and decreasing their re-uptake.

73
Q

What three drugs are know to increase GABA activity in the brain?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Barbiturates
  3. Benzodiazepenes
74
Q

Which three drugs (or drug classes) are known to increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity in the brain?

A
  1. Amphetamines
  2. Cocaine
  3. Ecstacy (MDMA)

Ecstasy is a designer amphetamine; it is mentioned separately here because of its hallucinogenic affect.

75
Q

What are the three main structures in the mesolimbic reward pathway? What is this pathway’s primary neurotransmitter?

  • Structure:
  • Structure:
  • Structure:
  • Neurotransmitter:
A
  1. Nucleus Accumbens
  2. Medial Forebrain bundle
  3. Ventral tegmental area
  4. Dopamine

Psychology/Sociology Kaplan (12 decks)

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