Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

_____ the purpose or driving force behind our actions

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

external motivation studying hard to get a good grade

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

intrinsic motivation liking a subject and studying hard because you like it

Question 4

____ are innate fixed patterns of behaviors in response to stimuli.

Answer 4

Instincsts Wolves are instinctively pack creatures that naturally follow the alpha male of their group.

Question 5

Instinct Theory of motivation

Answer 5

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts.

Question 6

____ the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.

Answer 6

Arousal

Question 7

Arousal Theory

Answer 7

states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimum level and to decrease arousal when it is above their optimum level.

Question 8

Yerkes- Dodson Law

Answer 8

creates a U-shaped curve between the level of arousal and performance. This law states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level.

Question 9

____ internal states if tension that activate particular behavior focused on goals

Answer 9

Drive

Question 10

Primary drives

Answer 10

The need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.

Question 11

Homeostasis Is usually controlled by ____.

Answer 11

Negative Feedback Loops

Question 12

Secondary Drives

Answer 12

Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes The drive to matriculate into medical school

Question 13

Drive reduction theory

Answer 13

Explains that motivation is based on the foal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

Question 14

Needs

Answer 14

motivators that influence human behavior

Question 15

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 15

certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation

Question 16

For each of the theories listed below, what creates motivation? Theory Factors of motivation -Instinct Theory: -Arousal Theory: -Drive Reduction Theory: -Need-based theories:

Answer 16

-Instinct Theory: Instincts, innate fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli -Arousal Theory: Maintaining a constant level of arousal, psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive stimuli -Drive Reduction Theory: Drives, internal states of tension or discomfort that can be relieved with a particular action -Need-based theories: Needs, factors necessary for physiological function or emotional fulfillment

Question 17

List Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs in decreasing priority

Answer 17

1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety and Security 3. Love and belonging 4. Self-esteem 5. Self actualization

Question 18

Based in opponent- processing theory, what clinical features would be expected with withdrawal from cocaine use?

Answer 18

Cocaine stressors include environmental or physical discomfort, daily events, workplace or academic setting, social expectations, and chemical and biological stressors. Effective stress management techniques include exercise, relaxation techniques, spiritual practice, and many more.

Question 19

Incentive Theory

Answer 19

Behavior is not motivated by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

Question 20

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 20

The amount of motivation needed to each a goal is the result of both individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.

Question 21

What are the 4 primary factors that influence motivation

Answer 21

Instincts Arousal Drives Needs

Question 22

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 22

This theory explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing the physiology. The body will counteract repeated use of alcohol, a depressant, by increasing arousal.

Question 23

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 23

Tolerance ( a decrease in perceived drug effect over time)

Question 24

What are the three elements of emotion? Provide a brief description of each. 1. 2. 3.

Answer 24

1. Physiological Response: (Automatic Nervous System, heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, blood pressure 2. Behavior Response: facial expressions, body language 3. Cognitive Response: subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of cause of emotion

Question 25

What are the seven universal emotions? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Answer 25

1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Contempt 4. Surprise 5. Fear 6. Disgust 7. Anger

Question 26

James- Lange Theory

Answer 26

-Stimulus leads to a physiological response . -“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”.

Question 27

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 27

-Stimulus leads to physiological arousal and feeling of emotion -“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart it racing… Get me out of here”!

Question 28

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 28

-Both arousal and labeling based on environment required to feel an emotion. -“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”

Question 29

Amygdala (Function)

Answer 29

Attention and Emotion (SPECIFICALLY FEAR), helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Question 30

Thalamus (Function)

Answer 30

Sensory processing (relay) station

Question 31

Hypothalamus (Function)

Answer 31

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and aroudal

Question 32

Hippocampus (Function)

Answer 32

creates long-term explicit memories (episodic memories)

Question 33

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (Function)

Answer 33

Involved in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

Question 34

Theoris of Emotion

Theory First Response Second Response

• James- Lange
• Cannon-Bard
• Schachter-Singer

Answer 34

Question 35

Cognitive Appraisal

Answer 35

The subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

Question 36

What are the two types of Cognitive Appraisal?

Answer 36

Primary Appraisal

Seconday Appraisal

Question 37

Primary Appraisal

Answer 37

The initial evaluation of the environment and the associated stress

Question 38

If primary appraisal revals a ____, Seconday appraisal begins.

Answer 38

Threat

Question 39

Seconday Appraisal

Answer 39

Directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress

Question 40

____ a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress.

Answer 40

Stressor

Question 41

Distress

Answer 41

Occurs when experiencing unpleasent stressors.

Ex: failing a test, running late, etc

Question 42

Eustress

Answer 42

A result of postive conditions.

Ex: Scoring high on the MCAT, Gradutaing from college.

Question 43

Stress level can be measured in “life change units” in a system called the ____.

Answer 43

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Question 44

General Adaptation Synthesis

The three Staged of Stress Response (Label and explain them)

Answer 44

Question 45

Alarm Stage

Answer 45

The initial reaction to a stressor and tha activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System.

1. Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
2. ACTH stimulates the Adrenal Glands (Adrenal Cortex) to produce cortisol, which maintains the steady supply of blood sugar needed to respond to stressful events.
3. The Hypothalamus also activates the Adrenal Medulla, which secertes epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 46

Resistance Stage

Answer 46

The continous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor.

Question 47

Exhaustion stage

Answer 47

The body can no longer maintain an elevated response with SNS actvity.

Question 48

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 48

Ex: A common real life example is a thermostat. A thermostat is set to a desired temperature, and then sensors monitor the air temperature in relation to this desired temperature. If the air temp gets too cold, the heater will turn on. If the air temp get tpp hot, the AC will turn on.