Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
_____ the purpose or driving force behind our actions
Motivation
Extrinsic motivation
external motivation studying hard to get a good grade
Intrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation liking a subject and studying hard because you like it
____ are innate fixed patterns of behaviors in response to stimuli.
Instincsts Wolves are instinctively pack creatures that naturally follow the alpha male of their group.
Instinct Theory of motivation
People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts.
____ the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.
Arousal
Arousal Theory
states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimum level and to decrease arousal when it is above their optimum level.
Yerkes- Dodson Law
creates a U-shaped curve between the level of arousal and performance. This law states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level.
____ internal states if tension that activate particular behavior focused on goals
Drive
Primary drives
The need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.
Homeostasis Is usually controlled by ____.
Negative Feedback Loops
Secondary Drives
Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes The drive to matriculate into medical school
Drive reduction theory
Explains that motivation is based on the foal of eliminating uncomfortable states.
Needs
motivators that influence human behavior
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation
For each of the theories listed below, what creates motivation? Theory Factors of motivation -Instinct Theory: -Arousal Theory: -Drive Reduction Theory: -Need-based theories:
-Instinct Theory: Instincts, innate fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli -Arousal Theory: Maintaining a constant level of arousal, psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive stimuli -Drive Reduction Theory: Drives, internal states of tension or discomfort that can be relieved with a particular action -Need-based theories: Needs, factors necessary for physiological function or emotional fulfillment
List Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs in decreasing priority
- Physiological Needs 2. Safety and Security 3. Love and belonging 4. Self-esteem 5. Self actualization
Based in opponent- processing theory, what clinical features would be expected with withdrawal from cocaine use?
Cocaine stressors include environmental or physical discomfort, daily events, workplace or academic setting, social expectations, and chemical and biological stressors. Effective stress management techniques include exercise, relaxation techniques, spiritual practice, and many more.
Incentive Theory
Behavior is not motivated by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.
Expectancy-value theory
The amount of motivation needed to each a goal is the result of both individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.
What are the 4 primary factors that influence motivation
Instincts Arousal Drives Needs
Opponent-Process Theory
This theory explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing the physiology. The body will counteract repeated use of alcohol, a depressant, by increasing arousal.
Opponent-Process Theory
Tolerance ( a decrease in perceived drug effect over time)
What are the three elements of emotion? Provide a brief description of each. 1. 2. 3.
- Physiological Response: (Automatic Nervous System, heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, blood pressure 2. Behavior Response: facial expressions, body language 3. Cognitive Response: subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of cause of emotion
What are the seven universal emotions? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
- Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Contempt 4. Surprise 5. Fear 6. Disgust 7. Anger
James- Lange Theory
-Stimulus leads to a physiological response . -“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”.
Cannon-Bard Theory
-Stimulus leads to physiological arousal and feeling of emotion -“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart it racing… Get me out of here”!
Schachter-Singer Theory
-Both arousal and labeling based on environment required to feel an emotion. -“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”
Amygdala (Function)
Attention and Emotion (SPECIFICALLY FEAR), helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory
Thalamus (Function)
Sensory processing (relay) station
Hypothalamus (Function)
releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and aroudal
Hippocampus (Function)
creates long-term explicit memories (episodic memories)
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (Function)
Involved in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala
Theoris of Emotion
Theory First Response Second Response
- James- Lange
- Cannon-Bard
- Schachter-Singer
Cognitive Appraisal
The subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.
What are the two types of Cognitive Appraisal?
Primary Appraisal
Seconday Appraisal
Primary Appraisal
The initial evaluation of the environment and the associated stress
If primary appraisal revals a ____, Seconday appraisal begins.
Threat
Seconday Appraisal
Directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress
____ a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress.
Stressor
Distress
Occurs when experiencing unpleasent stressors.
Ex: failing a test, running late, etc
Eustress
A result of postive conditions.
Ex: Scoring high on the MCAT, Gradutaing from college.
Stress level can be measured in “life change units” in a system called the ____.
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
General Adaptation Synthesis
The three Staged of Stress Response (Label and explain them)
Alarm Stage
The initial reaction to a stressor and tha activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System.
- Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
- ACTH stimulates the Adrenal Glands (Adrenal Cortex) to produce cortisol, which maintains the steady supply of blood sugar needed to respond to stressful events.
- The Hypothalamus also activates the Adrenal Medulla, which secertes epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system.
Resistance Stage
The continous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor.
Exhaustion stage
The body can no longer maintain an elevated response with SNS actvity.
Negative Feedback Loops
Ex: A common real life example is a thermostat. A thermostat is set to a desired temperature, and then sensors monitor the air temperature in relation to this desired temperature. If the air temp gets too cold, the heater will turn on. If the air temp get tpp hot, the AC will turn on.
