Chapter 11: Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards
Functionalism
The study of the structure and function of each part of society.
Functions can either be ____ or ____.
Manifest or latent
Manifest Function
Action that is intended to help some part of the system.
Ex: Annual meetings of medical societies have the manifest function of educating a group of pysicians, sharing research findings, and setting goals for the next year.
Latent Function
Unintended positive consequences on other parts of society.
Conflict Theory
Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order.
Symbolic Interactionism
A theoretical framework that studies the way individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbolism.
Social Constructionism
Focuses on how individuals put together their social reality (reflects hpw we, as a society, construct conepts and principles).
Rational Choice Theory
Focuses on decision making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual.
Ex: In this theory, an individual carefully considers all of the possible rewards and punishments of each social action and chooses the option that has the highest benefit-to-harm ratio.
Feminist Theory
Attempts to explain social inequalities that exiat on the basis of geneder. This theory focuses on the subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination.
What are the four key tenets of American medical ethics? Provide a short description of each.
- Beneficence: Act in the patients best interest.
- Nonmaleficence: Do no harm, avoid interventions where the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit.
- Respect for autonomy: Respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare.
- Justice: Treat similar patients with similar care; distribute healthcare resources fairly.
During demographic transition, what happens to the mortality rate? To the birth rate?
During demographic transition, both the mortality and birth rate decrease.
Proactive Social Movements
In favor of a specific social change
Reactive Social Movements
Run against a specific social change.
Fertility Rate
The average number of children a woman has during her life-time in a population.
Birth Rate
The number of births in a population per unit time, usually measured as births per 1000 people per year.
Mortality Rate
The number of deaths in a population per unit time, usually measured per 1000 people per year.
Symbolic Ethnicity
The recognition of an ethnic identity on special occasions or in specific circumstances, but not durning everydy life.
Race
Phenotypic differences between groups of people.
Ethnicity
Common language, religion, nationality, or other cultural factors.
Ageism
Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age.
Ex: Young professionals entering the workplace are often viewed as being inexperienced, and their opinions and ideas may therefore be ignored or downplayed.
Gender inequality
The intentional or unintentional empowerment of of one gender to the detriment of the other.
Gender Segregation
The seperations of individuals based on percieved gender.
Ex: This includes divisions into male, female, and geneder neutral bathrooms; seperating male and female sports teams; and estabishment of single-sex schools.
Demographic shifts
Chnages in the makeup of a population over time.
Crude Rate
The total rate for a population.
Immigration
The movement into a new geographical space.
Emigration
The movement away from a geographic space.
Migration
- Pull Factors:
- Push Factors:
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Pull Factors
- Which are attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant.
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Push Factors
- Which are negative attributes of the old locaton that encourage the immigrant to leave.
Demographic Transition
The transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates, seen as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.
Describe the stages of Demegraphic Transition
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Stage 1
- Preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high.
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Stage 2
- Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop.
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Stage 3
- Improvemnts in contraception, womens rights, and a shift from an agriculture to an industrial economy cause birth rates to drop. Furtherly, with an industrializing society, children must go to school for many years to be productive in society and may need to be supported by parents for a longer period of time than was formely the cas; families thus have fewer children.
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Stage 4
- An industrialized society; birth and death rate are both low.
During Demographic Transition, ____ rate drops before ____ rate.
- Mortality Rate
- Birth Rate
- Therefore, the population grows at first while mortality rate is dropping, and then plateuas as the birth rate decreases as well.
Malthusian Theory
Focuses on how the exponential grwoth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder.
Ex: A Malthusian catastrophe, then, is the prediction that as third-world nations industrialize and undergo demographic transition, the pace at which the world population will grow is much faster than the ability to genertae food and mass starvation will occur.
Globilization
The process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets.
Ex: The availability of foods (especially produce) from around the world during the entire calendar year can only be accomplished through trade with an extremely large number of world markets.
Urbanization
The dense areas of population creating a pull for migration.
