Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior

Question 1

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the SNS?

Answer 1

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 2

Limbic System (define)

Answer 2

Group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory.

Question 3

The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called ____.

Answer 3

Hormones

Question 4

The brain can be divided into 3 main subdivisions which are:

Answer 4

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 5

The forebrain developed later and included the _____.

Answer 5

Limbic System

Question 6

Autonomic Nervous System (Define)

Answer 6

manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs.
Example: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretion.

Question 7

The main role of the Sympathetic Nervous System is activated by ____.

Answer 7

Stress

Question 8

PNS Functions
\_\_\_\_ Pupils
\_\_\_\_ Salivation 
\_\_\_\_ Bronchi
\_\_\_\_Heartbeat
\_\_\_\_ Peristalsis and Secretion
\_\_\_\_ Bile Release
\_\_\_\_Bladder

Answer 8

Constrict Pupils
Stimulates Salivation 
Constrict Bronchi
Slows Heartbeat
Stimulates Peristalsis and Secretion
Stimulates Bile Release
Contracts Bladder

Question 9

SNS Functions
\_\_\_\_ Pupils
\_\_\_\_ Salivation 
\_\_\_\_ Bronchi
\_\_\_\_Heartbeat
\_\_\_\_ sweating or piloerection
\_\_\_\_ Peristalsis and Secretion
\_\_\_\_ Glucose production and release
Secretion of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_.
\_\_\_\_Bladder
\_\_\_\_ Orgasm

Answer 9

Dilate Pupils
Inhibits Salivation 
Relaxes Bronchi
Increases Heartbeat
stimulates sweating or piloerection
Inhibits Peristalsis and Secretion
Stimulates Glucose production and release
Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Inhibits Bladder
Stimulates Orgasm

Question 10

Briefly discuss the influence of nature vs nurture.

Answer 10

Nature
is defined as heredity, or the influence of inherited characteristics on behavior.
Nurture
refers to the influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior
Both
exert the same influence, neither outlays the other.

Question 11

Sensory Neurons (Define)
Afferent or Efferent?

Answer 11

• transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
• Afferent

Question 12

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer 12

Uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out hydrogen dense regions of the body.

Question 13

Endorphins

Answer 13

Natural Pain Killers

Question 14

Major Divison's/Principal Structures and Functions 
Structures                              Functions
Forebrain
-
-
-
-
-
Midbrain 
-
Hindbrain
-
-
-

Answer 14

Forebrain
-Cerebral Cortex: Complex, perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral process
-Basal Ganglia: Movement
-Limbic System: Emotion and Memory
-Thalamus: Sensory Relay Station
-Hypothalamus: Hunger and Thirst; Emotion
Midbrain
-Superior and Inferior Colliculi: Sensorimotor Reflexes
Hindbrain
-Cerebellum: Refine Motor Movements
-Medulla Oblongata: Vital Functioning (breathing, digestion)
-Reticular Formation: Arousal and alertness

Question 15

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 15

Fight-or-flight responses
wakefulness
alertness

Question 16

The main role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System is to _____.

Answer 16

Conserve Energy

Question 17

Imbalances of dopamine results in___.

Answer 17

Schizophrenia

Question 18

Mnemonic
Afferent neurons _____ in the ___ to the____.
Efferent neurons _____ the ____ to the _____.

Answer 18

• ASCEND, cord, brain.

- EXIT, cord, rest of the body.

Question 19

CT (Computed Tomography)

Answer 19

Multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images of the tissue.

Question 20

GABA and Glycine

Answer 20

Brain “Stabilization”

Question 21

Motor Neurons (Define)
Afferent or Efferent?

Answer 21

-transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

Question 22

____ is the study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain

Answer 22

Neuropsychology

Question 23

Interneurons

Answer 23

found between other neurons and are the most abundant of the three types.

Question 24

The hindbrain and midbrain developed the ____.

Answer 24

Brain Stem

Question 25

____ releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands. It is controlled by the _____.

Answer 25

Anterior pituitary gland | Hypothalamus

Question 26

Somatic Nervous System (Define)

Answer 26

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles.

Question 27

Glutamate

Answer 27

Brain Excitation

Question 28

Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)

Answer 28

Detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain.

Question 29

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Answer 29

Schizophrenia arises from either too much dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain.

Question 30

Serotonin

Answer 30

Mood Sleep Eating Dreaming

Question 31

PET (Positron Emmission Tomography) Scan

Answer 31

A radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged.

Question 32

Acetylcholine

Answer 32

Voluntary Muscle Control PNS Attention Alertness

Question 33

Mnemonic Sympathetic = Parasympathetic =

Answer 33

fight or flight | rest and digest

Question 34

High concentrations of dopamine are found in the ___?

Answer 34

Basal Ganglia

Question 35

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 35

A test used to study the electrical patterns of the brain under varying conditions; consists of multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Characteristic EEG patterns include beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves, as well as patterns associated with REM sleep.

Question 36

A loss of dopaminergic (dopamine) neurons in the basal ganglia results in ____.

Answer 36

Parkinson's Disease

Question 37

____releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 37

Adrenal Medulla

Question 38

Dopamine

Answer 38

Smooth Movements | Posture Stability

Question 39

The brain is covered with a thick sheath of connective tissue called the ___.

Answer 39

Meniges

Question 40

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer 40

Same as MRI, but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow. This is especially useful for monitoring neural activity, since increased blood flow in regions of the brain is typically coupled with neuronal activation.

Question 41

``` Primitive Reflexes Rooting: Moro: Babinski: Grasping: ```

Answer 41

Primitive Reflexes Rooting: Turns head toward direction of any object touching the cheek. Moro: in response to sudden head movement, arms extend and slowly retract; baby usually cries Babinski: Extension of big toe and fanning of other toes in response to brushing the sole of the foot Grasping: Holding onto any object placed in the hand

Question 42

Map Breakdown of the Nervous System.

Answer 42

Nervous System = Central + Peripheral Central = brain + spinal cord Peripheral = Somatic + Autonomic Autonomic = Sympathetic + Parasympathetic

Question 43

____ produces many hormones called corticosteroids (cortisol). Also produces sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.

Answer 43

Adrenal Cortex

Question 44

Which participant in the electron transport chain has the greatest attraction for electrons? PNS or SNS?

Answer 44

SNS | Which participant in the electron transport chain has the greatest attraction for electrons?