Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior Flashcards
What is the primary neurotransmitter in the SNS?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Limbic System (define)
Group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory.
The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called ____.
Hormones
The brain can be divided into 3 main subdivisions which are:
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
The forebrain developed later and included the _____.
Limbic System
Autonomic Nervous System (Define)
manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs.
Example: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretion.
The main role of the Sympathetic Nervous System is activated by ____.
Stress
PNS Functions \_\_\_\_ Pupils \_\_\_\_ Salivation \_\_\_\_ Bronchi \_\_\_\_Heartbeat \_\_\_\_ Peristalsis and Secretion \_\_\_\_ Bile Release \_\_\_\_Bladder
Constrict Pupils Stimulates Salivation Constrict Bronchi Slows Heartbeat Stimulates Peristalsis and Secretion Stimulates Bile Release Contracts Bladder
SNS Functions \_\_\_\_ Pupils \_\_\_\_ Salivation \_\_\_\_ Bronchi \_\_\_\_Heartbeat \_\_\_\_ sweating or piloerection \_\_\_\_ Peristalsis and Secretion \_\_\_\_ Glucose production and release Secretion of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_. \_\_\_\_Bladder \_\_\_\_ Orgasm
Dilate Pupils Inhibits Salivation Relaxes Bronchi Increases Heartbeat stimulates sweating or piloerection Inhibits Peristalsis and Secretion Stimulates Glucose production and release Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Inhibits Bladder Stimulates Orgasm
Briefly discuss the influence of nature vs nurture.
Nature
is defined as heredity, or the influence of inherited characteristics on behavior.
Nurture
refers to the influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior
Both
exert the same influence, neither outlays the other.
Sensory Neurons (Define) Afferent or Efferent?
- transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
- Afferent
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out hydrogen dense regions of the body.
Endorphins
Natural Pain Killers
Major Divison's/Principal Structures and Functions Structures Functions Forebrain - - - - - Midbrain - Hindbrain - - -
Forebrain
-Cerebral Cortex: Complex, perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral process
-Basal Ganglia: Movement
-Limbic System: Emotion and Memory
-Thalamus: Sensory Relay Station
-Hypothalamus: Hunger and Thirst; Emotion
Midbrain
-Superior and Inferior Colliculi: Sensorimotor Reflexes
Hindbrain
-Cerebellum: Refine Motor Movements
-Medulla Oblongata: Vital Functioning (breathing, digestion)
-Reticular Formation: Arousal and alertness
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Fight-or-flight responses
wakefulness
alertness
The main role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System is to _____.
Conserve Energy
Imbalances of dopamine results in___.
Schizophrenia
Mnemonic
Afferent neurons _____ in the ___ to the____.
Efferent neurons _____ the ____ to the _____.
- ASCEND, cord, brain.
- EXIT, cord, rest of the body.
CT (Computed Tomography)
Multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images of the tissue.
GABA and Glycine
Brain “Stabilization”
Motor Neurons (Define) Afferent or Efferent?
-transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
____ is the study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
Neuropsychology
Interneurons
found between other neurons and are the most abundant of the three types.
The hindbrain and midbrain developed the ____.
Brain Stem
____ releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands. It is controlled by the _____.
Anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Somatic Nervous System (Define)
consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles.
Glutamate
Brain Excitation
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)
Detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain.
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia arises from either too much dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain.
Serotonin
Mood
Sleep
Eating
Dreaming
PET (Positron Emmission Tomography) Scan
A radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged.
Acetylcholine
Voluntary Muscle Control
PNS Attention
Alertness
Mnemonic
Sympathetic =
Parasympathetic =
fight or flight
rest and digest
High concentrations of dopamine are found in the ___?
Basal Ganglia
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A test used to study the electrical patterns of the brain under varying conditions; consists of multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Characteristic EEG patterns include beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves, as well as patterns associated with REM sleep.
A loss of dopaminergic (dopamine) neurons in the basal ganglia results in ____.
Parkinson’s Disease
____releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal Medulla
Dopamine
Smooth Movements
Posture Stability
The brain is covered with a thick sheath of connective tissue called the ___.
Meniges
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Same as MRI, but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow. This is especially useful for monitoring neural activity, since increased blood flow in regions of the brain is typically coupled with neuronal activation.
Primitive Reflexes Rooting: Moro: Babinski: Grasping:
Primitive Reflexes
Rooting: Turns head toward direction of any object touching the cheek.
Moro: in response to sudden head movement, arms extend and slowly retract; baby usually cries
Babinski: Extension of big toe and fanning of other toes in response to brushing the sole of the foot
Grasping: Holding onto any object placed in the hand
Map Breakdown of the Nervous System.
Nervous System = Central + Peripheral
Central = brain + spinal cord
Peripheral = Somatic + Autonomic
Autonomic = Sympathetic + Parasympathetic
____ produces many hormones called corticosteroids (cortisol). Also produces sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.
Adrenal Cortex
Which participant in the electron transport chain has the greatest attraction for electrons? PNS or SNS?
SNS
Which participant in the electron transport chain has the greatest attraction for electrons?
