Chapter 10: Social Thinking

Question 1

interpersonal Attraction

Answer 1

The force that makes people like each other.

Question 2

Self-disclosure

Answer 2

An aspect of interpesonal atraction or impression management in which one shares his or her fears, thoughts, and goals with another person in the hopes of being met with empathy and nonjudgement.

Question 3

Reciprocal Liking

Answer 3

The phenomenon when people like others better when they believe the other person likes them.

Question 4

Proximity

(Interpersonal Attraction)

Answer 4

An interpersonal attraction based on being physically close to someone.

Ex: Living with someone in the same dorm or sitting beside someone in class everday.

Question 5

Cognitive neoassociation model

Answer 5

We are more likely to response to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

Question 6

What brain structure is associated with aggression?

Answer 6

Amygdala

Question 7

Secure Attachment

Answer 7

When a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to. The child will be upset at the departure of the caregiver and willl be there for comfort once the care giver returns.

Question 8

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 8

When the care giver has little ot no response to a distressed child. Given the choice, these children will show no preference between a stranger and the care giver. They show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the care giver returns.

Question 9

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 9

When a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. As such, the child is unable to form a secure base as he or she cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response. The child will be very distressd on seperation from the caregiver but has a mixed response when the caregiver reutrns, often displaying ambivalence. This is sometomes referred to as anxious-ambivalent attachment because the child is always anxious about the reliability of the care giver.

Question 10

Disorganized Attachment

Answer 10

Children show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors. These can include avoidance or resistance, seeming dazed, frozen, or confused, or repitive behaviors like rocking. Disorganized attachment is often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the care giver. It may also be a red flag for abuse.

Question 11

Social Support

Answer 11

The perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.

Question 12

Emotional Support

Answer 12

Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings.

Ex: Taking a trip to the hospital to see a sick loved one.

Question 13

Esteem Support

Answer 13

Touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person.

Ex: Consider a friend who has missed a significant amount of school due to illness. Telling her that she should have no problem making up the work because she is smart and an efficient worker would be providing esteem support.

Question 14

Material Support

Answer 14

Any type of financial or material contribution to another person.

Ex: Making a meal for a friend after they have lost a loved one or donating money to a person in need.

Question 15

Information Support

Answer 15

Providing information that will help someone.

Ex: Doctors spedning much of their careers provding informational suport to patients as you explain their diagnoses, potential treatment options, and risks and benefits of those treatment options.

Question 16

Network Support

Answer 16

Type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging. This can be shown physically ir can be accomplished through gestures, group activities, and shared experiences.

Question 17

Foraging

Answer 17

The act of searching and eating food.

Question 18

What structure is responsible for hunger?

Answer 18

Hypothalamus

Question 19

Functions

• Lateral Hypothalamus
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Answer 19

• Lateral Hypothalamus
  
  • Promotes hunger
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus
  
  • Responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety

Question 20

If Damaged

• Lateral Hypothalamus
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Answer 20

• Lateral Hypothalamus
  
  • LACKS HUNGER: Cause a person to loose all interest in eating
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus
  
  • VERY HUNGRY: The individual is never satisfied, results in obesity.

Question 21

Monogamy

Answer 21

Exclusive mating relationship.

(1 AND 1)

Question 22

Polygamy

Answer 22

A mating system in which one member of a sex has multiple exclusive opposite-sex relationships.

Question 23

Polygyny

Answer 23

A mating system in which a male has exclusive relationships with several females.

Question 24

Polyandry

Answer 24

A mating system in which a female has exclusive relationships with several maled.

Question 25

Promiscuity

Answer 25

Refers to one member of one sex mating with any memember of the opposite sex, without exclusivity.

Question 26

Intersexual Selection (Mate Choice)

Answer 26

The selection of a mate based on attraction.

Question 27

Mate Bias

Answer 27

How choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

Question 28

Direct Benefits

Answer 28

Provide advantages to the mate.

Ex: Protection and emotional support.

Question 29

indirect Benefits

Answer 29

Provide advantages to offspring.

Ex: Promoting better survival in offsrping.

Question 30

Phenotypic benefits

Answer 30

Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex. Usually, these traits indicate increased production and survival of offspring.

Ex: Males that appear more nurturing are more likely to care for, and promote the survival of, their offspring.

Question 31

Sensory Bias

Answer 31

Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exist in the population.

Ex: Fiddler crabs are naturally attracted to nice dirt clumps because they may indicate a food source, male crabs take advantage of this fact by building pillars around their territory to attract mates.

Question 32

Fisherian

(Runaway Selection)

Answer 32

A positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time. A trait that is deemed sexually desirable and is more likely to be passed on. This increases the attractiveness of the trait, which in turn increases the likelihood that it continues to be passed on

Ex: The bright plumage of the peacock is the protoypical exampe of Fisherian selection.

Question 33

Indicator Traits

Answer 33

Traits that signifiy overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates.

Ex: Female cats aremore attracted to male cats with clean and shiny coats; a dirty and dull coat may. be related to an underlying genetic problem, or to malnutrition or infection.

Question 34

Genetic Compatibility

Answer 34

The creation of mate pairs that, when combines, have complementary genetics. This theory provides a mechanism for the reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the populaion: attraction to others who have starkly different genetic makeups reduces the probability of offspring being homozygotic for a disease-carrying allele

Question 35

Alturism

Answer 35

Form of helping in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself.

Question 36

Empathy

Answer 36

The ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and it is thought by some psychologists to be a strong influence on helping behvaior.

Question 37

Empathy-Alturism Hypothesis

Answer 37

One individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost.

Question 38

Game Theory

Answer 38

A model that explains social interaction and decision making as a game, including stratergies, incentives, and punishments.

Question 39

Primacy Effect

Answer 39

The idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions.

Question 40

Recency Effect

Answer 40

The most recent information we have aboout an individual is the most important aspect of forming our impressions

Question 41

Halo Effect

Answer 41

Judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual.

Ex: It is the tendency to allow a general impression about a person (I like Judy) to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person (Judy is a good mother, Judy is trust worthy, Judy can do no wrong).

Question 42

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 42

The cognitive bias that good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people.

Ex: Karma

Question 43

Self-serving bias

Answer 43

The idea that individuls will view their own success as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.

Ex: A student who earns a good grade on a test may attribute her success to her intelligence or to how intensely she studied. However, if she recieved a bad grade, she might attribute it to poor teaching by the professor, unfair questions, or too long a test for the allocated time.

Question 44

Attribution Theory

Answer 44

The tendancy for indiviudals to figure out the causes of others peoples behavior (Why they act the way they act)

Question 45

Dispositional (Internal)

Attribution Theory Term

Answer 45

Attributions are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics.

Ex: You hear that a friend has been nominated for an academic award. Believing that the friend has been nominated because of hard work and personal effort would be dispositional attribution.

Question 46

Situation (External)

Attribution Theory

Answer 46

Attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, sch as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

Ex: Thinking that the nomination is due to luck would be a situational attribution.

Question 47

Consistency Cues

Answer 47

The consistent behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate the behavior with the motives of the person.

Question 48

Consensus cues

Answer 48

The extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others.

Question 49

Distinctiveness cues

Answer 49

The extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios.

Question 50

Fundamental Attribution Theory

Answer 50

The general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when analyzing another person’s behavior

Ex: Suppose that you were working on a team project and another team member was unable to complete his assignment. Our immediate response may be to assume that this team member is lazy unreliable, or even stupid, all of which are dispositional attributions. We may ignore the possibility that the team member got ill, has too many concurrent assignments, or suffered a personal tragedy– all of which are situation attributions.

Question 51

Attribute Substitution

Answer 51

Occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic.

Ex: A pencil and an eraser cost $1.10 together. If the pencil cost one dollar more than the eraser, ho much does the eraser cost? Most individuals respond instinctively with the answer ten cents. it is easy to recognize that the pencil cost more, and to integrate the information given in the questions stem ($1.10 and one dollar) incorrectly.

Question 52

Stereotypes are ____.

Prejudices are ____.

Discrimination is ____.

Answer 52

Stereotypes are cognitive.

Prejudices are affective.

Discrimination is behavioral.

Question 53

Stereotypes

Answer 53

occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals.

Question 54

Answer 54

Question 55

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 55

The phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype.
Ex: You may experience a self-fulfilling prophecy during your first days of surgery clerkship in medical school. During their first year in the wards, medical students are stereotypes as being unable to quickly and efficiently throw knots during a surgery. With ths knowledge in mind, many medical students are nervous to suture for the first time and may struggly with every step of the knot-tying process. This validiates the stereotype and thus completes the self-fulfiiling prophecy.

Question 56

Stereotype Threat

Answer 56

The concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group. This may hinder their performance, which may actually create a self-fulfilling prohpecy.

Ex: White male in sports, women driving, and homosexual couples providing childcare.

Question 57

Prejudice

Answer 57

A ridiculous positive or negative attitude towards a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity.

Question 58

List three types of social factors (inequality) that can influence .

Answer 58

1. Power: The ability of people or groups to achive their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources.
2. Prestige: The level of respect shown to a person by others.
3. Class: socioeconomic status

Question 59

Ethnoentrism

Answer 59

The practie of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion.

Question 60

Culture Relativism

Answer 60

The perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture fit into that culture itself

Ex: In other words, while one group may follow a given set of rules (say; the dietary rules of Kashrut, or H**alal), that group does not perceive those rules as superior to those of other cultures– just different.

Question 61

Disrimination

Answer 61

Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a partiular group to be treated differently from others.