Chapter 6: Identity and Personality

Question 1

Self-Concept

Answer 1

The sum of the thoughts and feelings about oneself

Question 2

Self-Schema

Answer 2

Self-given labels that carry a set of qualities.

Ex: The “athlete” self-schema usually carries the quality of youth, physical fitness, and dressing/acting in certain ways.

Question 3

Identity

Answer 3

Indiviual component of our self-concept related to the groups we belong in.

-Very close to self-concept, but it it not. We have multiple identities.

Ex: Religous affiliation, sexual orinetation, personal relationships etc.

Question 4

Gender Identity

Answer 4

A person’s appraisal of him ot herself on scales of masculiinity and femininty.

Question 5

Androgyny

Answer 5

The state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.

Question 6

Those who achiece low scores for masculinity and femininity are called ____.

Answer 6

Undifferentiated

Question 7

Gender Schema

Answer 7

Key compenents of gender identity are. transmitted through cultural and societal means.

Question 8

Ethnic Identity

Answer 8

Refers to one ethnic group, in which memebers typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language.

Question 9

Nationality

Answer 9

Based in political borders. The result of shared history, media, cuisine, and national symbols such as a country’s flag.

Question 10

Hierarchy of Salience

Answer 10

Theory of identity organization that posits that we let situations dictate which idenintity holds the most importance at any given moment.

Ex: A black acvtivist is more likely to stand up for things in his own community, then standing up for something thats happening in the white community.

Question 11

Selft- Discrepancy Theory

1. Acutal Self:
2. Ideal Self:
3. Ought Self:

Answer 11

1. Acutal Self: The way we see ourselves as we currently are.
2. Ideal Self: The person we weould like to be
3. Ought Self: Our representation of the way others think we should be .

Question 12

The closer our actual self, ideal self, and ought self are. The higher our ____.

Answer 12

Self-esteem

Question 13

Self-esteem

Answer 13

An individuals feeling of self-worth

Question 14

Self-Efficacy

Answer 14

Belieif in our ablity to succeed.

Question 15

Learned Helplessnes

Answer 15

A state of being hopelessness and resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli; often used as a model of depression.

Ex: The dogs being shocked and not wanting to move. They just want the pain to stop. Even if the cage is opened for them. They just lay there helplessly hopeing someone stops the electrical shock pain.

Question 16

Locus of Control

Answer 16

The way we characterize the infleunces in our lives.

Question 17

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 17

When people view themseleves as controlling their own fate.

Ex: A student that fails a test will study harder because he or she belives that they didnt study hard enough.

Question 18

External Locus of Control

Answer 18

When people feel that events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influences.

Ex: When a student fails a test, he or she blames the teacher or the rigor of the test.

Question 19

List three factors that contribute to a persons ethnic identity.

Answer 19

Common Ancestry

Cultural Heritage

Language

Usually determined by birth

Question 20

Fixation (Freaud Psychosecual Development)

Answer 20

Occurs whena child is overindulged or over frustrtaed during a stage of development. In response to the anxiety caused by fixation, the child forms a personality pattern based on that particular stage that persists into adult hood as a mental disorder know as NEUROSIS.

Question 21

Freud: Psychosexual Development

Study on IPAD

Question 22

Self-Efficay can cause ____.

Answer 22

Overconfidence

Question 23

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 23

Refers to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development.

Ex: A child may struggle to ride a bike on his own, but with the help and guidance of a parent he may be successful.

Question 24

Looking-glass-self

Answer 24

Social psychological construct stating that the self is developed through interpersonal reactions, specifically through a person’s understanding of the perception others have of them.

Question 25

Theory-of-mind

Answer 25

The ability to sense how another mind works. Ex: Understanding how a friend is interpreting a story while you tell it

Question 26

Each of the following theorist evaluates an individual and determines that the person has failed in completing one of the theorists developmental stages. What would each say is the most likely outcome for this person? * Freud * Erikson * Kohlberg

Answer 26

* **Freud:** The individual has become fixated in that stage and will display the personality traits of that fixation for the rest of his or her life. * **Erikson:** The individual will still move through the subsequent phases, but will be lacking the skills and virtues granted by successful resolution of that stage. * **Kohlberg:** The individual was incapable of reasoning at the level of failure, and that the individual would use the reasoning describes in previous stages to resolve moral dilemmas.

Question 27

Name and describe the three major phases of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Answer 27

1. **Preconventional:** Reasoning is based on individual rewards and punishments. 2. **Conventional:** Reasoing is based on the relationship of the individual to society. 3. **Postconventional:** Reasoning is based on abstract principles.

Question 28

How could Vgotsky's concept of Zone of Proximal Development be applied to standardized test preparation?

Answer 28

Zone of Proximal Development does not just apply to children, but rather the acquisition of new skills and abilities at any age. Standardized test require students to utilize many skills that they may not yet have fully developed, but are in the process of development. This is why results can be improved by getting the help of those with more knowlesge about an exam, such as expert instructor and authors.

Question 29

For each of the following perspectives, brielfly describe how each would define personality. * Psychoanalytic: * Humanistic: * Type: * Trait: * Behavorist: * Social Cognitive: * Biological:

Answer 29

* **Psychoanalytic:** Personalty is the result of unconscious urgers and desires. * **Humanistic:** Personality comes from conscious feelings about oneself resulting from healthy striving for self-realization. * **Type:** Personalities are sets of distinct qualities and dispositions into which people can be grouped. * **Trait:** Personalties are assembled from having different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions. * **Behavorist:** Personality is the result of behavioral responses to stimuli based in prior rewards and punishments. * **Social Cognitive:** Personality comes from the interactions between an individual and his or her environment. * **Biological:** Personality is based on genetic influences and brain anatomy.

Question 30

What are the roles of the Id, Ego, and Superego, acording to the psychoanalytic perspective? * Id * Ego * Superego

Answer 30

* **Id:** The sum of our basic urges to reproduce and survive * **Ego:** Mediates the anxieties caused by the actions of the Id and Superego by using defense mechanisms. * **Superego:** Our sense of perfectionism and idealism

Question 31

What are the traits described by the Eysencks' PEN theory, and what does each describe? * P * E * N

Answer 31

* **P:** Psychotism, nonconformity or social deviance * **E:** Extraversion, tolerance for social interaction and stimulation * **N:** Neuroticism, emotional arousal in stressful situations

Question 32

What are the Big Five Personality traits? MNEMONIC OCEAN

Answer 32

1. Openess 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Question 33

Repression | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 33

Unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness. A man who survived siz months in a concentration camp cannot recall anything about his life during that time period.

Question 34

Suppresion | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 34

Consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness. A terminally il cancer patient puts aside his anxiety to enjoy a family gathering.

Question 35

Regression | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 35

Returning to an earlier stage of development. A husband speaks to his wife in "baby talk" when telling her bad news.

Question 36

Reaction Formation | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 36

An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite. Two coworkers fight all the time because they are actually very attracted to each other.

Question 37

Projection | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 37

Attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else. A man who has committed adultery is convinced his wife is cheating on him, despite a lack of evidence.

Question 38

Rationalization | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 38

Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. A murderer who claims that, while killing is wrong, his victim "deserved it".

Question 39

Displacement | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 39

Changing the target of an emotion, while the feelingd remain the same. When sent to his room as a punishment, a child begins to punch and kick his pillow.

Question 40

Sublimation | (Defense Mechanism)

Answer 40

Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction. A boss who is attracted to his employee becomes her mentor and advisor.

Question 41

Important Jungian Archetypes * Persona: * Anima: * Animus: * Shadow:

Answer 41

* **Persona:** The aspect of our personality we present to the world. * **Anima:** a "man's inner woman" * **Animus:** a "womans inner man" * **Shadow:** Unpleasent and socialy rephrensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness.