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Psy-251 > Chapter 8 Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

____ is a stable and enduring pattern of relating to oneself and the world.

A

Personality

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2
Q

What type of personality assessment uses vague or ambiguous stimuli to evoke unconscious thoughts?

A

Projective tests

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3
Q

Which theory assumes that personality includes a collection of psychological characteristics which can be identified and measured?

A

a. Trait theory

Trait theory focuses on identifying and measuring specific personality traits.

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4
Q

What is a type of self-report questionnaire in which responses to a collection of test items are used to assess characteristics or behaviors?

A

d. Personality inventory

Personality inventories use self-reported responses to assess personality traits.

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5
Q

_____ developed from mathematical attempts to organize responses given in intelligence testing, and the procedure was then applied to personality inventories.

A

c. Factor analysis

Factor analysis helps identify underlying factors in personality traits.

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6
Q

Which personality model proposed a three-factor model, arguing that personality consisted of various amounts of neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism?

A

b. Eysenck and Eysenck

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7
Q

_____ is a personality factor associated with the tendency to experience negative emotions.

A

c. Neuroticism

Neuroticism is linked to increased emotional instability.

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8
Q

What type of classification system is the DSM-5?

A

a. Categorical

The DSM-5 uses a categorical system to classify mental disorders.

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9
Q

The _____ system is to discrete groupings as the _____ system is to continuums.

A

d. categorical; dimensional

Categorical systems group disorders, while dimensional systems measure traits on a continuum.

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10
Q

The factors presumed to underlie personality are _____ in structure; that is, people are NOT either extroverted or introverted but fall somewhere along a continuum.

A

d. dimensional

Personality traits are dimensional, meaning they exist on a spectrum.

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11
Q

Schizotypal personality disorders are more common in _____.

A

Males

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12
Q

Which is NOT a characteristic of people with paranoid personality disorder?

a. Agreeable and cooperative
b. Distrust of others
c. Suspicious of other’s intentions
d. Jealous and envious

A

a. Agreeable and cooperative

Distrust of others, suspicious of others’ intentions, jealous and envious, high sense of self-importance, hostile

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13
Q

If an individual is diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder, they will often be diagnosed with all EXCEPT which of the following disorders?

a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. Major depressive disorder
c. Agoraphobia
d. Generalized anxiety disorder

A

d. Generalized anxiety disorder

.

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14
Q

If an individual avoids close relationships, chooses solitary activities, and shows emotional coldness, they MOST likely have symptoms that correspond to which personality disorder?

A

c. Schizoid personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by social detachment and emotional coldness.

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15
Q

Which personality disorder is associated with social deficits and social discomfort, combined with perceptual distortions and eccentric behavior?

A

b. Schizotypal personality disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder involves social discomfort and odd behavior.

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16
Q

Which two disorders have the highest comorbidity rate of ALL personality disorders (37%)?

a. Schizoid and schizotypal personality disorder
b. Paranoid and avoidant personality disorder
c. Borderline and narcissistic personality disorder
d. Antisocial and histrionic personality disorder

A

a. Schizoid and schizotypal personality disorder

Schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders commonly co-occur.

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17
Q

Some have suggested that the Cluster A personality disorders occur within a _____ spectrum of related conditions.

a. anxiety
b. bipolar
c. depressive
d. schizophrenic

A

d. schizophrenic

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18
Q

Which set of symptoms are MOST characteristic of Cluster B personality disorders?

a. Avoidant, fearful, and social inhibition
b. Paranoia, suspicion, and oddness
c. Pervasive detachment, and social and interpersonal deficits
d. Impulsivity, aggressiveness, and novelty-seeking behavior

A

d. Impulsivity, aggressiveness, and novelty-seeking behavior

Cluster B disorders are characterized by dramatic and erratic behaviors.

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19
Q

Which personality disorder presentation can be both deceitful and manipulative—violating the rights of others while at the same time being superficially charming—and they use this ability to take advantage of others?

A

c. Antisocial personality disorder

1) Those with antisocial personality disorder can be both deceitful and manipulative—violating the rights of others while at the same time being superficially charming—and use this ability to take advantage of others. 2) Histories of violence and exploitative sexuality, with lack of remorse and indifference to the suffering of others. 3) Failure to conform to social norms with respect to unlawful behaviors, deceit, and impulsivity

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20
Q

Those diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder have a long history dating back to age 15 of violating the rights of others, along with deceit and destruction. This would have qualified for which other diagnosis?

A

b. Conduct disorder

Conduct disorder in childhood is often a precursor to antisocial personality disorder.

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21
Q

What is a DSM-5 listing that is applied to situations in which antisocial behavior is NOT due to a mental disorder?

a. Adult antisocial behavior
b. Antisocial personality disorder NOS
c. Conduct disorder
d. Antisocial tendency

A

a. Adult antisocial behavior

1) Adult antisocial behavior is a DSM-5 listing that is applied to situations in which antisocial behavior is not due to a mental disorder. 2) All career criminals cannot be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder until additional criteria are met.

22
Q

What are the incidence rates of antisocial personality disorder for males and females respectively?

a. 2%; 1%
b. 5%; 1%
c. 4%; 2%
d. 5%; 2%

A

b. 5%; 1%

23
Q

Which of the following characteristics is NOT considered a fundamental feature of the antisocial personality?

a. Ability to learn from mistakes
b. Lack of conscience
c. Impulsivity and unable to delay gratification
d. Stimulus seeking and searching for new thrills

A

a. Ability to learn from mistakes

24
Q

In Gao et al.’s (2010) study, poor electrodermal fear conditioning at ages _____ was associated with higher aggressive behavior at age _____.

a. 3–8; 8
b. 2–5; 7
c. 3–6; 6
d. 3–8; 10

A

a. 3–8; 8

25
Q

Which of the following statements reflects a psychopath’s repeated criminal behavior and the role punishment plays in their lives?

a. The psychopath’s ability to have profited from their mistakes and deserve punishment for their behavior
b. The psychopath’s inability to learn how to avoid punishment, which is something they strive to do
c. The psychopath’s ability to learn from mistakes and accept punishment
d. The psychopath’s inability to learn from their experiences results in a lack of anxiety about future punishment.

A

d. The psychopath’s inability to learn from their experiences results in a lack of anxiety about future punishment.

26
Q

Charles Manson is an example of a person who has which disorder?

A

b. Antisocial personality disorder

Example sentence: Charles Manson’s behavior and actions align with the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder.

27
Q

Which of the following best describes the usage of pharmacological treatment for antisocial personality disorder?

a. SSRIs are effective at reducing symptoms.
b. Drugs largely target aggressiveness or impulsiveness.
c. Medication can completely control antisocial tendencies.
d. Oxytocin has been found to improve symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.

A

b. Drugs largely target aggressiveness or impulsiveness.

No specific medications are clearly recommended for treatment of antisocial personality disorder. Commonly, drugs are used to target components such as aggressiveness or impulsiveness.

28
Q

According to Lenzenweger et al. (2007), about _____ of the general population displays at least one of the Cluster C disorders.

A

c. 6%

About 6% of the general population displays at least one of the Cluster C disorders. Disorders include: 1) avoidant personality disorder; 2) dependent personality disorder; 3) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. The DSM-5-TR reports median prevalence of at least one Cluster C disorder at 2.8%

29
Q

_____ involves social inhibition, hypersensitivity to being evaluated, and feelings of inadequacy.

A

c. Avoidant personality disorder

30
Q

The central characteristic of _____ is an excessive need to be taken care of by others, along with a fear of separation.

A

b. dependent personality disorder

1) The central characteristic of dependent personality disorder is an excessive need to be taken care of by others, along with a fear of separation. 2) Additionally, individuals are uncomfortable being alone because they fear being unable to take care of themselves, and they allow others to make important decisions in all areas of their life.

31
Q

Harrison is stubborn and inflexible about details of events, and he needs to have control in his friendships and social activities. At his office, he tends to work alone, since he doesn’t trust the abilities of others. What personality disorder would Harrison MOST likely meet the diagnostic criteria for?

A

a. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder involves a preoccupation with control, orderliness, and perfectionism, as well as an obsession with rules, schedules, and details.

32
Q

Which of the following does NOT reflect the many conceptual and empirical problems with the current DSM-5’s classification of personality disorders?

a. There can be a very large range of variability in the expression of any single personality disorder.
b. The overlap and intermingling of personality disorders with DSM conditions weakens the argument about their independent status.
c. Convergent validity and divergent validity for all of the personality disorders has been very strong.
d. Factor-analytic studies of the ten personality disorders does not support their current categorical organization.

A

c. Convergent validity and divergent validity for all of the personality disorders has been very strong.

1) Factor-analytic studies of the 10 personality disorders do not support their current categorical organization.
2) The overlap and intermingling of personality disorders with DSM conditions weakens the argument about their independent status.
3) There can be a very large range of variability in the expression of any single personality disorder.

33
Q

Which statement does NOT reflect the possible changes for the personality disorder clusters?

a. Move toward a more dimensional and less categorical model for diagnosis of personality disorders.
b. Increasing the number of personality disorders to better differentiate criteria for each disorder to improve diagnosis
c. Redefine personality disorders as either early onset or chronic variants of existing DSM conditions.
d. Shifting to diagnosis based on the five-factor models of personality

A

b. Increasing the number of personality disorders to better differentiate criteria for each disorder to improve diagnosis

1) Move toward a more dimensional and less categorical model for diagnosis of personality disorders. 2) Shifting to diagnosis based on the five-factor models of personality. 3) Redefine personality disorders as either early onset or chronic variants of existing DSM conditions.

34
Q

Dr. Brown believes that personality is a collection of psychological characteristics, such as kindness or dependability, which can be identified and measured. She would be best described as a ____.

A

A. trait theorist

35
Q

The DSM-5 lists ____ different primary personality disorders.

A

A. 10

36
Q

The DSM-5 lists ____ different primary personality disorders.

A

C. 10

CORRECT!

37
Q

Cluster ___ personality disorders tend to present symptoms that observers consider odd or eccentric.

A

D. Cluster A

38
Q

Personality disorders are difficult to treat because of all of the following reasons except their ____.

A. stability
B. chronicity
C. medical basis
D. involvement in several life areas

A

C. medical basis

39
Q

In which of the following personality disorders would persons have recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding the fidelity of a spouse or sexual partner?

A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
B. histrionic personality disorder
C. schizoid personality disorder
D. paranoid personality disorder

A

D. paranoid personality disorder

40
Q

People with ____ are largely indifferent to criticism.

A

D. schizoid personality disorder

41
Q

____ individuals initially diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder go on to develop schizophrenia.

A. Only a small percentage of
B. Nearly a third of
C. Half of
D. Most

A

A. Only a small percentage of

42
Q

The Cluster B personality disorders include individuals who may be described as ____.

A

B. emotional or dramatic

43
Q

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder frequently are able to talk their way out of difficult situations and may “con” others into believing their good intentions for the future, demonstrating their ____.

A. inability to profit from mistakes
B. need for admiration
C. impulsivity
D. ability to make a good impression on others

A

D. ability to make a good impression on others

44
Q

Which diagnosis is more frequently given to women than to men?

A. dependent personality disorder
B. narcissistic personality disorder
C. paranoid personality disorder
D. schizotypal personality disorder

A

A. dependent personality disorder

45
Q

Frank has a grandiose sense of self-importance and is preoccupied with fantasies about his own success and brilliance. Frank would best be described as having ____.

A

A. narcissistic personality disorder

46
Q

In the general population, ____ display at least one of the personality disorders.

A. 1%
B. 4%
C. 6%
D. 10%

A

D. 10%

47
Q

Which of the following is likely to be the most common personality disorder diagnosis?

A. paranoid personality disorder
B. dependent personality disorder
C. other specified personality disorder
D. schizoid personality disorder

A

C. other specified personality disorder

48
Q

The use of written materials that may have life significance is called ____.

A

A. bibliotherapy

49
Q

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been used across several personality disorders because one focus is on ____.

A. strong client-therapist relationships
B. emotional regulation
C. cognitive restructuring
D. mentalization

A

B. emotional regulation

50
Q
A

Psy-251 (17 decks)

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