Chapter 7

Question 1

Disorders that involve certain altered states of consciousness and disruptions in memory are known as _____

Answer 1

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder and depersonalization/derealization disorder.

Question 2

What must be ruled out before the diagnosis of dissociate amnesia can be given?

Answer 2

physiological causes

Question 3

Memory loss in dissociative amnesia is usually associated with all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. A sexual assault
B. An automobile accident
C. A war experience
D. A blow to the head

Answer 3

A blow to the head

Memory loss in dissociative amnesia is often linked to traumatic experiences, but not typically caused by a physical injury like a blow to the head.

Question 4

_____ is a complete loss of memory for one’s life history and possibly one’s identity.

Answer 4

Generalized amnesia

Question 5

Which is the rare form of amnesia that involves a complete memory loss and perhaps loss of one’s identity?

Answer 5

Generalized amnesia

Question 6

Common co-occurring disorders with dissociative amnesia are all EXCEPT which of the following?

A. Conversion disorder.
B. Panic disorder.
C. Depressive disorders
D. Personality disorders.

Answer 6

Panic disorder

Dissociative amnesia is often associated with conditions like conversion disorder, depressive disorders, and personality disorders, but not typically panic disorder.

Question 7

Which is the most common presentation for dissociative amnesia?

Answer 7

Selective, chronic loss of memory that had a sudden onset

Although the course of dissociative amnesia is variable, the type of amnesia most often experienced is selective, chronic loss of memory that did not have a sudden onset.

Question 8

Which is suggested as the MOST common cause of dissociate amnesia?
A. Stressors and traumas.
B. Hereditary influences
C. Genetic predisposition
D. Biological factors.

Answer 8

Stressors and traumas

1) Half of the variability between those with dissociative symptoms may be accounted for by genetics, but that data is limited. 2) Most case reports and reviews have suggested that severe stressors and trauma trigger dissociative amnesia.

Question 9

What is the unintended and preventable induction of a condition or disorder by a therapist during the treatment process?

Answer 9

Iatrogenesis

People with dissociative amnesia are very suggestible, therefore, they are more likely to believe false or altered memories that are created, inadvertently, during therapy as the client and therapist interact.

Question 10

Which of the dissociative disorders is most unusual, has strange symptoms, receives the most attention in the literature, and remains the most controversial?

Answer 10

Dissociative identity disorder

Question 11

All EXCEPT which of the following diagnoses have physical symptoms that are NOT intentionally produced or faked but are genuinely distressing to the individual?
1. Affective disorder.
2. Illness, anxiety disorder.
3. Conversion disorder.
4. Somatic symptom disorder.

Answer 11

Affective disorder

1) Conversion disorder, somatic, symptom disorder, and illness anxiety disorder all include bodily symptoms that are not intentionally produced or faked, but are genuinely distressing to the individual. 2) These symptoms produce abnormal thoughts, feeling or behaviors.

Question 12

What was the main concern regarding somatic symptom disorders that led to changes in the current edition of the DSM?

a. There were too many disorders in the somatoform category.
b. The minimum duration of key symptoms that were required for diagnosis needed to be increased.
c. The overlap of symptoms for the different disorders was a challenge to distinguish one disorder from another.
d. Reliability and validity needed to be improved.

Answer 12

d. Reliability and validity needed to be improved

1) The ongoing controversies and debates about the entire somatoform category were addressed in the DSM-5 edition.
2) Improving reliability and validity were important to provide more confidence in the diagnoses.

Question 13

Factitious disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and conversion disorder are _____.

a. more likely to be diagnosed in men than women
b. equally diagnosed in men and women
c. more likely to be diagnosed in women than men
d. more likely to be diagnosed in men when young and then more likely to be diagnosed in women when older

Answer 13

more likely to be diagnosed in women than men

Factitious disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and conversion disorder are more common in women than men. Illness anxiety disorder is equally common in men and women.

Question 14

What is one of the primary diagnostic criteria for somatic symptom disorder?

Answer 14

1) Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms.
2) Persistent high level of anxiety about health and symptoms.
3) Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms and health concerns.

Question 15

All EXCEPT which of the following are criteria for somatic symptom disorder?

a. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms
b. The inability to recall important personal information of a traumatic or stressful nature
c. Persistent high level of anxiety about health and symptoms
d. Spending excessive time and energy devoted to one’s symptoms and health concerns

Answer 15

The inability to recall important personal information of a traumatic or stressful nature

Somatic symptom disorder criteria include: 1) Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms. 2) Persistent high level of anxiety about health and symptoms. 3) Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms and health concerns.

Question 16

Symptoms that originate from psychological factors are called _____

Answer 16

Psychogenic

Question 17

Which of these factors does NOT play a role in developing somatic symptom disorder?

a. Stressful life events
b. Low socioeconomic status
c. History of unemployment
d. Having a college degree.

Answer 17

Having a college degree

While stress and socioeconomic status can influence somatic symptom disorder, having a college degree does not typically play a role.

Question 18

Which of the following statements BEST describes treatment of somatic symptom disorder?

a. Somatic symptom disorder is easy to treat since persons with the disorder are relieved to know that a mental health evaluation would be a helpful approach.
b. Somatic symptom disorder is easy to treat since those suffering from a variety of symptoms are open to recommendations of their physicians.
c. Somatic symptom disorder is difficult to treat and rarely remits completely.
d. Somatic symptom disorder is difficult to treat because those with the disorder do not seek help.

Answer 18

Somatic symptom disorder is difficult to treat and rarely remits completely.

Question 19

Which of the following sets of symptoms significantly overlap with somatic symptom disorder?

a. Depression and stress
b. Dissociation and anxiety
c. Anxiety and depression
d. Substance abuse and anxiety

Answer 19

Anxiety and depression.

Question 20

What therapy approach attempts to change one’s perspective on chronic pain by focusing NOT on pain control but on understanding its presence and valuing pain tolerance?

Answer 20

Acceptance and commitment therapy.

Question 21

Intentional and imaginary or exaggerated symptoms that bring attention to the individual having them may be labeled as ____.

a. converting
b. sublimating
c. malingering
d. projecting

Answer 21

Malingering.

1) Malingering is the deliberate faking of physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives. 2) Incentives include: avoiding military duty or work, obtaining financial compensation, evading criminal prosecution, obtaining drugs.

Question 22

In which of the following situations should malingering NOT be a concern?

a. A person whose report of disability or distress is inconsistent with objective findings
b. A person who is extremely cooperative in the diagnostic evaluation
c. A person who is undergoing an evaluation for legal purposes
d. A person who has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder

Answer 22

b. A person who is extremely cooperative in the diagnostic evaluation ✓

There are several situations in which malingering would be suspected: 1) A person who has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. 2) A person whose report of disability or distress is inconsistent with objective findings. 3) A person who is undergoing an evaluation for legal purposes. 4) A person who is uncooperative in the diagnostic evaluation.

Question 23

Malingering can involve the falsification of symptoms in others for personal secondary gain. Who are usually the victims and perpetrators, respectively, of this situation?
a. Children; parents
b. Adolescents; teachers
c. Teenagers; grandparents
d. Young adults; parents

Answer 23

Children; parents.

1) Children are most often the victims and parents are most commonly the perpetrator in cases of falsification of symptoms in others. 2) Also known as “malingering by proxy.”

Question 24

Criminal defendants undergoing forensic evaluations have a base rate of malingering of _____.

a. between 10 and 20%
b. between 20 and 30%
c. 7.5%
d. 10.2%

Answer 24

between 20 and 30%.

For criminal defendants undergoing forensic evaluations, the base rate of malingering is commonly estimated at 20%–30%. The base rate among malingered PTSD appears to be at least 7.5%. Malingered ADHD appears to be 10.2%.

Question 25

Prior to the publication of the DSM-III, factitious disorder was called ____.

a. illness anxiety disorder
b. malingering syndrome
c. Munchausen syndrome
d. somatic symptom disorder

Answer 25

Munchausen syndrome.

Question 26

In which disorder do people invent or exaggerate their symptoms for no obvious motive to do so—other than to assume the sick role?

Answer 26

Factitious disorder.

Question 27

What is the main difference between malingering and factitious disorder?

Answer 27

People with factitious disorder invent or exaggerate their symptoms without obvious incentive apart from playing sick.

1) People with factitious disorder invent or exaggerate their symptoms without obvious incentive apart from playing sick. 2) Malingering is the deliberate faking of physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives.

Question 28

In the research by Mileno and his colleagues (2001), common factors among the participants diagnosed with factitious disorder were a background of prolonged _____.

a. bipolar disorder and substance abuse
b. physical or sexual abuse
c. substance abuse and anxiety
d. depression and anxiety

Answer 28

physical or sexual abuse.

Individuals with factitious disorder tend to have a history of prolonged stress and sexual or physical abuse.

Question 29

Luke was facing 20 years to life for his latest armed robbery. Although he never suffered from a psychiatric disorder in his life, he told the psychiatrist that he was hearing voices that told him to rob other people. This would best be described as ____.

Answer 29

Malingering.

Question 30

Laura has a tendency to invent or exaggerate her symptoms for no obvious motive or reason, apart from playing sick. She would be diagnosed with ____.

Answer 30

Factitious disorder.

Question 31

All except which of the following are categorized as DSM-5 somatic symptom disorders?

A. conversion disorder
B. body dysmorphic disorder
C. illness anxiety disorder
D. pseudocyesis

Answer 31

body dysmorphic disorder

Question 32

Which disorder has an equal male-female sex ratio?

A. illness anxiety disorder
B. functional neurological symptom disorder
C. somatic symptom disorder
D. factitious disorder

Answer 32

illness anxiety disorder

Question 33

Nearly constant and distressing pain would most likely occur in ____.

Answer 33

Somatic symptom disorder.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a conversion symptom?

A. amnesia
B. convulsions
C. paralysis
D. deafness

Answer 34

Amnesia

Question 35

Somatic symptom disorder can be typed as ____.

Answer 35

mild, moderate, or severe.

Question 36

Distressing pain would most likely occur in ____.

A. conversion disorder
B. somatic symptom disorder
C. illness anxiety disorder
D. hypochondriasis

Answer 36

somatic symptom disorder

Question 37

Which of the following is not a conversion symptom?

A. amnesia
B. convulsions
C. paralysis
D. deafness

Answer 37

amnesia

Question 38

Somatic symptom disorder can be typed as ____.

A. symptomatic or asymptomatic
B. chronic or acute
C. mild, moderate, or severe
D. care-seeking type or care-avoiding type

Answer 38

mild, moderate, or severe

Question 39

____ involves a preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious disease, based on a misinterpretation of body symptoms.

A. Illness anxiety disorder
B. Conversion disorder
C. Pain disorder
D. Somatic symptom disorder

Answer 39

Illness anxiety disorder

Question 40

Depersonalization or derealization symptoms have been experienced by what percentage of the US adult population?

Answer 40

50%

Question 41

People who suffer from conversion disorder also commonly suffer from all except which of the following?

A. depression
B. anxiety
C. somatic symptom disorder
D. alcohol use disorder

Answer 41

alcohol use disorder

Question 42

Dissociative identity disorder may be related to ____.

A. PTSD
B. generalized anxiety disorder
C. body dysmorphic disorder
D. conversion disorder

Answer 42

PTSD

Question 43

After seeing his best friend shot and killed, Tom suffered a loss of memory for some but not all events during that particular period of time. This is known as ____.

A. generalized amnesia
B. localized amnesia
C. selective amnesia
D. declarative amnesia

Answer 43

Selective amnesia

Question 44

Empirical evidence shows that trauma, in general, ____, which is a major issue in regard to the validity of the concept of repressed memory.

A. has no effect on memory
B. contributes to memory loss
C. impairs memory
D. enhances memory

Answer 44

Enhances memory

Question 45

In a dissociative fugue state, an individual is likely to ____.

A. become aggressive
B. engage in purposeful, unplanned travel
C. display alternate personalities
D. have impaired motor or sensory function

Answer 45

B. engage in purposeful, unplanned travel

Individuals in a dissociative fugue state may travel without a clear plan.

Question 46

While Jack did not lose contact with reality, he did experience a recurrent feeling of detachment or separation from his body, as if watching himself in a movie. This is known as ____.

Answer 46

B. depersonalization

Jack’s experience of detachment is characteristic of depersonalization.