Chapter 6 Notes Flashcards
What are the most common DSM-5 diagnoses?
Anxiety disorders
Lifetime prevalence of 31%
The existence of fear can be inferred by what 3 kinds of data?
1) reports of subjective experiences apprehension what are you doing as well as physical sensations
2) behavioral manifestations
3) physiological responses ; reaction of autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system
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What can acute fear result in?
Fainting
Result of the parasympathetic nervous system
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear is adaptive for dealing with danger, while anxiety is chronic fear not associated with a stimulus
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of panic attacks in adults?
1 in 9 adults
Panic attacks are common to specific and social phobias, as well as anxiety disorders
What is the 2:1 ratio mentioned in relation to anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders are more common among females than males
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder?
2%-3%
Panic attacks are conditioned by early interoceptive and exteroceptive cues
What are some treatments for panic disorder?
Minor tranquilizers, antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
What is agoraphobia?
Anxiety about being in places where escape would be difficult, embarrassing, or impossible
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of agoraphobia?
1.7% for adolescents and adults, 0.4% for those over age 65
Associated with stressful events and genetics
What is specific phobia?
Fear of specific object or situation disproportionate to danger level
What is the 12% mentioned in relation to specific phobia?
12% of the population
Begins in childhood or adolescence and declines among elderly
What are the subtypes of specific phobia?
Animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other
Example: Fear of heights (acrophobia) falls under the situational subtype.
What is the prevalence of specific phobia in the population?
12%
Twice as many women as men experience specific phobia.
What is the concordance rate for specific phobia in MZ twins compared to DZ twins?
Higher in MZ twins than DZ twins
When does specific phobia typically begin?
In childhood or adolescence and declines among the elderly.
What are the causes of specific phobia?
Genetic cause, environmental influences, conditioning
Watson and Little Albert experiment is an example of classical conditioning for establishment of phobia.
What is the two-factor theory of phobias?
Classical conditioning for establishment of phobia and operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) maintains the phobia.
Rachman criticized learning theory for being incomplete.
Who proposed that humans can learn to be fearful of some stimuli more easily than others?
Seligman and Hager (1972)
What is the psychodynamic model of phobias?
Repression of anxiety-arousing conflict
Freud’s case study of Little Hans is an example of the psychodynamic model.
What are the treatments for specific phobia?
Systematic desensitization, participant modeling, in vivo exposure, medications
Benzodiazepines may provide temporary relief but are not effective for specific phobia.
What are the situations that trigger social anxiety disorder?
Situations with unfamiliar people
What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the US?
12-month prevalence is 7% in the US
What are the causes of social anxiety disorder?
Genetics and amygdala, learning and conditioning, integrative model focusing on biological, psychological, and social factors
What are the treatments for social anxiety disorder?
Benzodiazepines, SSRIs, SNRI, systematic exposure, relaxation training, desensitization, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy
What are the characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder?
Constant anxiety, no panic attacks, more common in women, overlaps with mood disorders
What are the biological causes of generalized anxiety disorder?
Amygdala, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, GABA and serotonin
What is the psychodynamic model of generalized anxiety disorder?
Unconscious conflict and ego defenses being overwhelmed
What are the effective medications for generalized anxiety disorder?
GABA stimulants, SSRIs
What is the recommended psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
What are the key features of separation anxiety disorder?
Developmentally inappropriate anxiety associated with separation from home or caregivers
What are the risk factors for separation anxiety disorder?
History of being bullied, loss in childhood, parental divorce, other life stress
What are the treatments for separation anxiety disorder?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
What are the characteristics of selective mutism?
Failure to speak in expected situations, speaks in other situations, before age 5
What are the treatments for selective mutism?
Antidepressants, behavioral therapy, intensive group behavioral treatment (IGBT)
What are some characteristics of Specific Phobia?
Is not related to language barriers or other disorder.
What is the prevalence of Specific Phobia?
Prevalence is estimated to be 0.03%–1.9%.
What are some treatments for Specific Phobia?
Antidepressants
Behavioral therapy: reinforcement, shaping, modeling
Intensive group behavioral treatment (IGBT)
What are the diagnostic categories for other Anxiety Disorders in DSM-5?
Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
Other specified anxiety disorder
Unspecified anxiety disorder
What are some characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily life and are time consuming.
Unwanted, intrusive, and distressing
What are some common obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Most common obsessions involve contamination or repeated doubts, forbidden urges, obscene words, wishing someone dead, forbidden sexual acts, suicide, contracting disease.
What are some treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Antidepressants (SSRIs)
Cingulotomy (psychosurgery) in particularly unresponsive cases
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, including cognitive restructuring.
What are some characteristics of Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Preoccupied with what they consider to be a defect in their appearance.
Engage in repetitive acts or thoughts.
What is the prevalence of Hoarding Disorder?
Prevalence is estimated at 5.8% of population; a meta-analysis of 12 wealthy countries indicates 2.5% prevalence.
What are some characteristics of Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)?
Pull out hair and have noticeable hair loss.
Mostly involves scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes.
Trichotillomania
Involves scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes.
Must cause distress or impairment
Comorbid disorders
Female to male ratio is 10:1 in treatment
12-month prevalence is 1%–2% in US.
Causes: Genetics
Treatments: SSRIs are not helpful. Clomipramine and olanzapine look promising. Habit reversal therapy (HRT). Use of Awareness Enhancing and Monitoring Device.
Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
Pick at skin causing bleeding, scarring, and infections.
Appears during adolescence and is associated with acne. Mostly involves the head, face, arms, and hands. Time consuming. Comorbid disorders. 5% in clinical samples. Lifetime prevalence is 3.1%. Female to male ratio is 3:1. Possible genetic component. Treatments: SSRIs. Competing response training or Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT).
Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders
Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition. Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder: Olfactory reference disorder, Koro. Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.
