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Psy-251 > Chapter 6 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common DSM-5 diagnoses?

A

Anxiety disorders

Lifetime prevalence of 31%

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2
Q

The existence of fear can be inferred by what 3 kinds of data?

A

1) reports of subjective experiences apprehension what are you doing as well as physical sensations
2) behavioral manifestations
3) physiological responses ; reaction of autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system

(Page 162)

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3
Q

What can acute fear result in?

A

Fainting

Result of the parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

A

Fear is adaptive for dealing with danger, while anxiety is chronic fear not associated with a stimulus

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5
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence rate of panic attacks in adults?

A

1 in 9 adults

Panic attacks are common to specific and social phobias, as well as anxiety disorders

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6
Q

What is the 2:1 ratio mentioned in relation to anxiety disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders are more common among females than males

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7
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder?

A

2%-3%

Panic attacks are conditioned by early interoceptive and exteroceptive cues

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8
Q

What are some treatments for panic disorder?

A

Minor tranquilizers, antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

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9
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety about being in places where escape would be difficult, embarrassing, or impossible

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10
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence rate of agoraphobia?

A

1.7% for adolescents and adults, 0.4% for those over age 65

Associated with stressful events and genetics

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11
Q

What is specific phobia?

A

Fear of specific object or situation disproportionate to danger level

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12
Q

What is the 12% mentioned in relation to specific phobia?

A

12% of the population

Begins in childhood or adolescence and declines among elderly

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13
Q

What are the subtypes of specific phobia?

A

Animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other

Example: Fear of heights (acrophobia) falls under the situational subtype.

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of specific phobia in the population?

A

12%

Twice as many women as men experience specific phobia.

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15
Q

What is the concordance rate for specific phobia in MZ twins compared to DZ twins?

A

Higher in MZ twins than DZ twins

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16
Q

When does specific phobia typically begin?

A

In childhood or adolescence and declines among the elderly.

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17
Q

What are the causes of specific phobia?

A

Genetic cause, environmental influences, conditioning

Watson and Little Albert experiment is an example of classical conditioning for establishment of phobia.

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18
Q

What is the two-factor theory of phobias?

A

Classical conditioning for establishment of phobia and operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) maintains the phobia.

Rachman criticized learning theory for being incomplete.

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19
Q

Who proposed that humans can learn to be fearful of some stimuli more easily than others?

A

Seligman and Hager (1972)

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20
Q

What is the psychodynamic model of phobias?

A

Repression of anxiety-arousing conflict

Freud’s case study of Little Hans is an example of the psychodynamic model.

21
Q

What are the treatments for specific phobia?

A

Systematic desensitization, participant modeling, in vivo exposure, medications

Benzodiazepines may provide temporary relief but are not effective for specific phobia.

22
Q

What are the situations that trigger social anxiety disorder?

A

Situations with unfamiliar people

23
Q

What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the US?

A

12-month prevalence is 7% in the US

24
Q

What are the causes of social anxiety disorder?

A

Genetics and amygdala, learning and conditioning, integrative model focusing on biological, psychological, and social factors

25
Q

What are the treatments for social anxiety disorder?

A

Benzodiazepines, SSRIs, SNRI, systematic exposure, relaxation training, desensitization, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy

26
Q

What are the characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Constant anxiety, no panic attacks, more common in women, overlaps with mood disorders

27
Q

What are the biological causes of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Amygdala, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, GABA and serotonin

28
Q

What is the psychodynamic model of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Unconscious conflict and ego defenses being overwhelmed

29
Q

What are the effective medications for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

GABA stimulants, SSRIs

30
Q

What is the recommended psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

31
Q

What are the key features of separation anxiety disorder?

A

Developmentally inappropriate anxiety associated with separation from home or caregivers

32
Q

What are the risk factors for separation anxiety disorder?

A

History of being bullied, loss in childhood, parental divorce, other life stress

33
Q

What are the treatments for separation anxiety disorder?

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

34
Q

What are the characteristics of selective mutism?

A

Failure to speak in expected situations, speaks in other situations, before age 5

35
Q

What are the treatments for selective mutism?

A

Antidepressants, behavioral therapy, intensive group behavioral treatment (IGBT)

36
Q

What are some characteristics of Specific Phobia?

A

Is not related to language barriers or other disorder.

37
Q

What is the prevalence of Specific Phobia?

A

Prevalence is estimated to be 0.03%–1.9%.

38
Q

What are some treatments for Specific Phobia?

A

Antidepressants
Behavioral therapy: reinforcement, shaping, modeling
Intensive group behavioral treatment (IGBT)

39
Q

What are the diagnostic categories for other Anxiety Disorders in DSM-5?

A

Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
Other specified anxiety disorder
Unspecified anxiety disorder

40
Q

What are some characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

Obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily life and are time consuming.
Unwanted, intrusive, and distressing

41
Q

What are some common obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

Most common obsessions involve contamination or repeated doubts, forbidden urges, obscene words, wishing someone dead, forbidden sexual acts, suicide, contracting disease.

42
Q

What are some treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

Antidepressants (SSRIs)
Cingulotomy (psychosurgery) in particularly unresponsive cases
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, including cognitive restructuring.

43
Q

What are some characteristics of Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A

Preoccupied with what they consider to be a defect in their appearance.
Engage in repetitive acts or thoughts.

44
Q

What is the prevalence of Hoarding Disorder?

A

Prevalence is estimated at 5.8% of population; a meta-analysis of 12 wealthy countries indicates 2.5% prevalence.

45
Q

What are some characteristics of Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)?

A

Pull out hair and have noticeable hair loss.
Mostly involves scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes.

46
Q

Trichotillomania

A

Involves scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes.

Must cause distress or impairment
Comorbid disorders
Female to male ratio is 10:1 in treatment
12-month prevalence is 1%–2% in US.
Causes: Genetics
Treatments: SSRIs are not helpful. Clomipramine and olanzapine look promising. Habit reversal therapy (HRT). Use of Awareness Enhancing and Monitoring Device.

47
Q

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

A

Pick at skin causing bleeding, scarring, and infections.

Appears during adolescence and is associated with acne. Mostly involves the head, face, arms, and hands. Time consuming. Comorbid disorders. 5% in clinical samples. Lifetime prevalence is 3.1%. Female to male ratio is 3:1. Possible genetic component. Treatments: SSRIs. Competing response training or Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT).

48
Q

Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

A

Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition. Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder: Olfactory reference disorder, Koro. Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.

Psy-251 (17 decks)

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