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Psy-251 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is melancholia?

A

A particularly deep level of depression characterized by absence of interest or pleasure in all things, early morning wakening, significant weight loss, and/or excessive guilt.

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2
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

A

A hypothesis that depression is caused by a deficiency of certain monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

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3
Q

What is introjection in psychoanalytic theory?

A

Part of the process of identification whereby a person incorporates or internalizes the characteristics of others.

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4
Q

What are automatic thoughts?

A

Covert self-statements, often pessimistic and negative, that occur readily and may contribute to depression.

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5
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

The theory that depression is caused by a lack of connection between responses and their outcomes (i.e., a lack of control over events).

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6
Q

What is the attribution model of depression?

A

A view that depression is caused by a pessimistic attribution style that emphasizes internal, stable, and global factors to explain personal problems.

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7
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

Pulsed magnetic stimulation of the brain as a treatment for severe depression.

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8
Q

What is phototherapy?

A

Use of broad-spectrum light to treat seasonal depression.

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9
Q

What is chronotherapy?

A

Therapy that shifts the sleep-wake cycle in order to reset the body’s normal biological clock.

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10
Q

What does bipolar refer to?

A

Referring to the two extreme poles of mood: mania and depression.

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11
Q

The components of mood disorders include the major depressive episode, manic episode, and the bipolar episode. T/F

A

False

The diagnostic fundamental components of any mood disorder, involve the major depressive episode, the manic episode, and the hypomanic episode

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12
Q

The major depressive episode is distinguished by its duration of 2 weeks, the degree of disturbance, and the impairment it causes in life. t/f

A

True

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13
Q

True or false, sex ratios for the unipolar depressed conditions are more common in females by factor of two or three times the rates for males

A

True

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14
Q

The key feature of a manic episode as a distinct period of at least two weeks in duration of expansive, elevated or irritable mood. T/F.

A

False

Feature of a manic episode as a distinct period of at least one week in duration of expensive elevated or irritable mood

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15
Q

The average age of onset for depression is in the late teens, though the condition can appear at any point in life. T/F.

A

False

The average age of onset is in the mid 20s though the condition can appear at any point in life

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16
Q

What is a particularly deep level of depression, characterized by absence of interest or pleasure in all things, sleep and weight changes and/or excessive guilt.

A. cyclothymia
B. Hypomania.
C. Melancholia.
D. Mania.

A

C. Melancholia.

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17
Q

Components of mood disorders are largely defined by all, except which of the following?

A. The major depressive episode.
B. The manic episode.
C. The bipolar episode.
D. The hypomanic episode.

A

See. The bipolar episode.

Elements of mood disorders are likely defined by the major depressive episode, the manic episode and the hypomanic episode

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18
Q

The depressive episode include all except which of the following?

a. Flight of ideas or experience that thoughts are racing.
B. Loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
C. Change in appetite and sleep patterns.
D. Feelings of guilt and worthlessness.

A

a. Flight of ideas or experience that thoughts are racing.

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19
Q

Criteria for a major depressive episode include all, except which of the following?

A. the symptoms must represent a change from previous functioning
B. The major depressive episode has been present for the same two month period.
C. Five or more depressive symptoms have been present.
D. The symptoms cause clinically significant impairment or distress of important areas of functioning.

A

B. The major depressive episode has been present for the same two month period.

The major depressive episode has been present for the same two week period.

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20
Q

Which of the following best describes the distinction between depression and bereavement?

A. Bereavement following the death of a loved one generally includes a strong sense of worthlessness, suicidal ideation, and extreme impairment.
B. Normal bereavement and grief related depression have very similar symptomology
C. Major depressive episode is usually diagnosed in most individuals who are experiencing bereavement.
D. Depression usually involves a loss of interest in almost all things while those experiencing bereavement may still experience some positive thoughts.

A

D. Depression usually involves a loss of interest in almost all things while those experiencing bereavement may still experience some positive thoughts.

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21
Q

Which is the key feature of a manic episode?

A. A one week time period where there is both mania and depression.
B. A one week time period of expansive, elevated or irritable mood.
C. A two week distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated and expansive mood.
D. A two week period of irritable mood and persistently increased goal directed activity.

A

B. A one week time period of expansive, elevated or irritable mood.

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22
Q

All except which of the following are criteria for a manic episode?

A. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
B. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
C. Flight of ideas or experience of racing thoughts.
D. Increased need for sleep and time to rest.

A

D. Increased need for sleep and time to rest.

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23
Q

The hypomanic episode includes all except which of the following DSM–5 criteria?

A. at least three symptoms of elevated, expansive and irritable mood are required.
B. Episode needs to last at least two consecutive days
C. The disturbance and mood and change and functioning or observable by others.
D. Symptoms are present most of the day during the hypomanic episode.

A

B. Episode needs to last at least two consecutive days

Episode needs to last at least 4 consecutive days

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24
Q

Lifetime prevalence for any mood disorder is approximately …

A. 10%
B. 15%.
C. 17%.
D. 21%.

A

C. 17%.

17.5%

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25
Q

Which is not a characteristic of manic episodes?

A. Manic episode episodes begin rapidly with a sudden onset.
B. Manic episodes may follow exposure to life stress
C. Manic episodes are usually longer than major depressive episodes.
D. The symptoms of manic episodes build quickly and usually escalate over several days.

A

C. Manic episodes are usually longer than major depressive episodes.

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26
Q

In children in adolescents, irritable mood can be the main symptom of persistent depressive disorder. T/F.

A

True

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27
Q

Although the criteria give an age window of 6 to 18 for diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, it is not recommended for children who did not experience on set before age 10.

A

True

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28
Q

According to the DSM-5-TR premenstrual dysphoric disorder occurs only in wealthy nations

A

False

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29
Q

Compared to adults, children and adolescents can be diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder with a primary symptom of …

A. A continuous depressed mood
B. Irritable mood.
C. Lack of interest, and pleasurable activities
D. Lethargy.

A

B. Irritable mood.

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30
Q

For every major depressive episode, Max has the probability of another occurrence increase …

A. 16%
B. 32%.
C. 48%.
D. 50%.

A

A. 16%

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31
Q

Which of the following disorders does not commonly co-occur with depression?

A. generalized anxiety disorder
B. Borderline personality disorder.
C. Posttraumatic stress disorder.
D. Bipolar disorder.

A

D. Bipolar disorder.

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32
Q

Persistent depressive disorder involves a nearly continuous state of depressed mood that has lasted ____ without much reprieve.

A. Three months
B. Six months.
C. One year.
D. Two years.

A

D. Two years.

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33
Q

Would Wesley, a 12-year-old who just developed chronic and severe irritability with temper outbursts, be diagnosed with a disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A. Yes, he is clearly showing signs of this disorder.
B. Yes, as the criteria are diagnosed, indicates onset after the age of 12.
C. No, as the criteria to be diagnosed indicates onset before age 10.
D. No, as the criteria to be diagnosed indicates onset before age 8.

A

C. No, as the criteria to be diagnosed indicates onset before age 10.

34
Q

In large part, ______ was introduced to address the increasing diagnosis of bipolar I disorder in children.

A. Attention hyperactivity disorder
B. Attention deficit disorder
C. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D. Conduct disorder.

A

C. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

35
Q

12 – month incidence of premenstrual syndrome disorder was higher for ________ than _______ women.

A. German; United States.
B. United States; English.
C. English; German.
D. United States; German.

A

A. German; United States.

36
Q

The findings that drugs that decrease monoamines alleviate depression, while drugs that increase monoamines induce depression, produced the monoamine hypothesis. True or false.

A

False

Rationale: The findings that drugs that increase monoamines alleviate depression, while drugs that deplete monoamines induce depression, produced the monoamine hypothesis.

37
Q

The stress hormone cortisol is depleted in the blood of a high percentage of depressed patients. True or false.

A

False. The stress hormone cortisol is increased in the blood of a high percentage of depressed patients.

38
Q

Compared to healthy controls, adults with major depressive disorder showed elevated cortisol levels throughout the day true or false

A

True

39
Q

Among depressed people, the latency to REM onset is longer, and REM sleep periods tend to be shorter in duration.

A

False

40
Q

The depressive cognitive triad characterizes depressive thinking that includes negative thoughts about self, negative thoughts about the present, and negative thoughts about the future. T/F.

A

True

41
Q

The behavioral perspective proposes that depression is related to a loss of negative reinforcement and pleasure in experiences and with others. T/F

A

False. The behavioral perspective proposes that depression is related to a loss of positive reinforcement and pleasure and experiences and with others.

42
Q

Adverse childhood experiences have not been linked to the later development of depression. T/F.

A

False. These early adversities may contribute to the development of deficiencies and emotional regulation, poor interpersonal skills, dysfunctional, attributions, and inability to respond to stress leading to vulnerability to later depression.

43
Q

Which statement summarizes the current understanding of genetic factors for depressive disorders?

A. The 5-HTT serotonin – transporter gene found convincing evidence that the genotype was associated with depression in men and women.
B. There is no specific genetic basis for depression that has been reliably supported by research.
C. The 5-HTT genotype improved the prediction of depression over stressful life events
D. There are compelling findings that depressive disorders have a strong genetic component for females, but not for males.

A

B. There is no specific genetic basis for depression that has been reliably supported by research.

44
Q

The degree of genetics as a cause factor for depression is about _______ for females and _______ for males

A. 21%;
B. 28%; 19%.
C. 32%; 21
D. 42%; 29%.

A

D. 42%; 29%.

45
Q

Certain drugs can either increase or decrease the concentration of various neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which led to which of the following hypotheses?

A. The acetylcholine hypothesis.
B. The GABA hypothesis.
C. The monoamine hypothesis.
D. The neurogenic hypothesis.

A

C. The monoamine hypothesis.

46
Q

All except which of the following hormonal factors are implicated as causes of depression

A. imbalance of neurotransmitters
B. Fluctuating estrogen
C. Elevated of cortisol.
D. Abnormalities in the HPA system.

A

A. imbalance of neurotransmitters

47
Q

What is the most common sleep disturbance pattern with individuals with depression?

A

Decreased time to REM sleep onset.

48
Q

The cognitive triad characterizes depressive thinking by which tendencies?

A

Negative thoughts about the self.
Negative thoughts about the present.
Negative thoughts about the future.

49
Q

Which statement does not describe the behavioral perspective on the causes of depression?

A. Depression is related to a relative loss of positive reinforcement and pleasure.
B. Few events may be reinforcing and the depressed person does not have the motivation to act.
C. Depression is related to insufficient negative reinforcement to deter depressive symptoms.
D. The depressed person may like the social skills necessary to obtain reinforcements for their behavior.

A

C. Depression is related to insufficient negative reinforcement to deter depressive symptoms.

The behavioral perspective has assumed that depression is related to a loss of positive reinforcement and pleasure. Apathy and lack of responsiveness associated with depression result from a lack of positive reinforcement for non-depressed behavior

50
Q

What is the current understanding of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression?

A

Adverse childhood experiences, especially those that are multiple and diverse, are potent risk factors for depression.

51
Q

__________ refers to an acquired belief or expectation that there’s nothing one can do to improve negative situation

A

Learned helpless.

Learned helplessness is the theory that depression is caused by a lack of connection between responses and outcomes. Example: a lack of control of life events.

52
Q

__________ refers to an acquired belief or expectation that there’s nothing one can do to improve negative situation

A

Learned helpless.

Learned helplessness is the theory that depression is caused by a lack of connection between responses and outcomes. Example: a lack of control of life events.

53
Q

__________ views depression as caused by pessimistic attribution style that emphasizes internal, stable, and global factors to explain one’s problems.

A

The attribution model of depression

54
Q

A meta-analysis of 96 studies of antidepressant medication trials involving 9,566 patients found that a placebo effect accounted for _______ of the improvement and drug groups.

25%, 36%, 50%, or 68%

A

68%

55
Q

All except which of the statements summarize the outcome research on antidepressant medications?

A. In outcome research, antidepressant medications have consistently proven to be more effective than placebo in many trials.
B. Research on antidepressant medication has overrepresented their effectiveness and underrepresented their negative and questionable outcomes.
C. High rates of placebo response in studies of antidepressant medication have been a concern for a while.
D. Antidepressants in general have been shown to be about as effective as placebo in various studies.

A

A. In outcome research, antidepressant medications have consistently proven to be more effective than placebo in many trials.

56
Q

Which type of medical treatments for depression among the most widely prescribed and are often the only treatment and intervention?

A. MAO-Is
B. Tricyclics.
C. SSRIs
D. SNRIs

A

C. SSRIs

57
Q

How is electroconvulsive therapy most often applied?

A. It is applied unilaterally to only one hemisphere of the brain
B. It is applied bilaterally to both hemispheres of the brain.
C. It is applied to the dominant hemisphere of the brain.
D. It is applied to the frontal lobe of the brain.

A

A. It is applied unilaterally to only one hemisphere of the brain

58
Q

Which therapeutic approach is considered the “gold standard” for treating depression, against which other psychotherapies have been compared?

A. Acceptance and commitment
B. Positive psychotherapy.
C. Psychoanalytic therapy.
D. Cognitive therapy.

A

D. Cognitive therapy.

59
Q

Teaching techniques such as self monitoring, scheduling goal-oriented activities, and addressing personal deficits is part of which therapeutic approach?

A. psychoanalytic therapy
B. acceptance and commitment therapy
C. Behavioral therapy.
D. Humanistic therapy.

A

C. Behavioral therapy.

60
Q

Which country has a lower prevalence of bipolar I disorder compared to other wealthy nations?

A.Germany
B. United States.
C. Japan.
D. China.

A

C. Japan.

61
Q

_______ is distinguished from other mood disorders by the occurrence of a manic episode at some point in the condition

A

Bipolar I disorder

62
Q

Individuals experience less severe hypomanic episodes, interfered with major depressive episodes, with ______.

A. Dysthymia disorder.
B. Cyclothymic disorder.
C. Bipolar I disorder.
D. Bipolar II disorder.

A

D. Bipolar II disorder.

63
Q

What disorder does not involve manic, hypomanic or major depressive episodes?

A. bipolar I disorder.
B. Bipolar II disorder.
C. Cyclothymic disorder.
D. Dysthymia disorder.

A

C. Cyclothymic disorder.

64
Q

Which statement does not reflect the current perspective of causal factors for bipolar disorders?

A. bipolar disorder runs in families, with relatives of bipolar I individuals having as much as 10 times the risk for also showing bipolar condition as the general population.
B. A specific gene, rather than multiple genes, has been consistently implicated as caused for bipolar I or bipolar II disorder.
C. Monozygotic concordance rates range from 40 to 70%.
D. The evidence for genetic etiology is stronger for bipolar I disorder than for the other mood disorders.

A

B. A specific gene, rather than multiple genes, has been consistently implicated as caused for bipolar I or bipolar II disorder.

65
Q

What drug is associated with treatment for bipolar I disorder and is more effective than placebo?

A. Lithium.
B. SSRIs.
C. SNRIs
D. Thorazine.

A

A. Lithium.

66
Q

What is the current perspective on the use of psychotherapy for bipolar mania?

A. The value has been found for psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar mania.
B. Behavioral therapy has been found to be most effective for increasing treatment adherence.
C. Psychoeducation improves medication compliance.
D. Engaging in psychotherapy increases relapse rates.

A

C. Psychoeducation improves medication compliance and can reduce relapse

67
Q

Up to ______ of individuals who have attempted suicide in the past will make another attempt.

10%, 15%, 20%, or 30%

A

30%

68
Q

The presence of what mental disorder has the strongest connection with suicide attempt.

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

69
Q

Which is considered the strongest single predictor for suicidal activity

A. Previous suicide attempt
B. A sense of hopelessness and helplessness.
C. Diagnosis of mental disorder
D. Suicidal plan and means to carry it out.

A

A. Previous suicide attempt

70
Q

What symptom are adolescents more likely to display within a week of their suicide?

A

Sleep disturbance.

71
Q

What is an important factor to consider in suicide prevention?

A. Factors such as employment, being in treatment, and having future life plans have been shown to not be helpful and prevent prevention of suicide.
B. Protective factors for the individual contemplating suicide have not been shown to prevent suicide.
C. A person is usually intensely suicidal for only a short period of time so, early intervention is critical.
D. All suicides can be prevented, making early intervention vital

A

C. A person is usually intensely suicidal for only a short period of time so early intervention is critical.

72
Q

The depressive episode includes all of the following except _______

A. distractibility
B. Sleep disturbance.
C. Fatigue.
D. Indecisiveness.

A

A. distractibility

73
Q

The hypomanic episode cannot include which symptom?

A. An inflated self-esteem.
B. Distractibility.
C. Decrease need for sleep.
D. Delusional grandiosity.

A

D. Delusional grandiosity.

74
Q

The presence of a manic episode results in the DSM-5 diagnosis of ______.

A. bipolar I disorder
B. Bipolar II disorder.
C. Major depressive disorder.
D. Cyclothymic disorder.

A

A. bipolar I disorder

75
Q

If echolalia, echopraxia, or disturbances in motor activity are dominant among the depressive symptoms, which specify applies?

A. With melancholic features.
B. With catatonic features.
C. With peripartum onset
D. With seasonal pattern.

A

B. With catatonic features.

76
Q

How long must temper outbursts in disruptive mood regulation disorder persist?

A

1 year

77
Q

Which of the following must include a hypo manic episode?

A. Bipolar I disorder
B. Bipolar II disorder.
C. Cyclothymic disorder.
D. None of the above.

A

C. Cyclothymic disorder

78
Q

The symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder must have been present for ______ in order for the diagnosis to be given.

A. 5 to 7 days.
B. One month.
C. Six months.
D. One year.

A

D. One year.

79
Q

What disorder is lithium recommended for?

A

Bipolar I disorder

80
Q

What class of antidepressants shows lower discontinuation rates due to intolerance and is generally the first line medical treatment for depression?

A. Tricycles.
B. Glutamate modulators.
C. MAO-Is
D. SSRI.s

A

D. SSRI.s

81
Q

Which disorder shows an equal sex ratio?

A. Major depressive disorder
B. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
C. Bipolar I disorder.
D. Bipolar II disorder.

A

C. Bipolar I disorder.

82
Q

One of the most reliable sleep disturbances associated with depression is ______.

A. Shorter latency to REM.
B. Longer latency to REM.
C. Early evening awakening.
D. Late evening awakening.

A

A. Shorter latency to REM.

Psy-251 (17 decks)

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