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Psy-251 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Unconscious

A

In psychoanalytic theory, that part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories

Example: The unconscious mind may influence behavior without the individual being aware of it.

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2
Q

Oedipal conflict

A

In Freudian theory, the erotic attachment to the other-sex parent, involving feelings of competition and hostility toward the same-sex parent and fears of retaliation (castration anxiety in boys) from the same-sex parent

Example: The Oedipal conflict is a key concept in psychoanalytic theory.

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3
Q

Defense mechanism

A

In Freudian theory, strategy whereby a person avoids anxiety-arousing experiences

Example: Repression is a common defense mechanism used to prevent anxiety.

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4
Q

Repression

A

Defense mechanism in which the anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is prevented from becoming conscious

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5
Q

Reaction formation

A

Defense mechanism in which a person behaves in a way directly opposite from some underlying impulse

Someone experiencing reaction formation may act overly friendly to hide feelings of anger.

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6
Q

Isolation

A

Defense mechanism in which a person separates emotional from intellectual content or otherwise separates experiences that would be anxiety arousing if permitted to occur together

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7
Q

Displacement

A

Defense mechanism in which the person shifts a reaction from the original target person or situation to some other person or situation (e.g., anger displacement from boss to family)

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8
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanism in which a person disowns some impulse and attributes it to another person

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9
Q

Intrapsychic

A

Unobservable mental events such as ideas, wishes, and unconscious conflicts

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10
Q

Id

A

In Freudian theory, that part of the mind from which instinctual impulses originate

Example: The id operates on the pleasure principle.

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11
Q

Ego

A

In Freudian theory, that part of the mind that mediates between id impulses and external reality

Example: The ego balances the demands of the id and superego.

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12
Q

Superego

A

In Freudian theory, the internalized representative of parental or cultural values

Example: The superego aims for moral perfection.

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13
Q

Libido

A

Psychoanalytic concept referring to sexual instincts

Example: Freud emphasized the role of libido in human behavior.

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14
Q

Sublimation

A

Defense mechanism in which sexual instincts are rechanneled into substitute activities

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15
Q

Fixation

A

In Freudian theory, an unusual investment of libidinal energy at a certain psychosexual stage

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16
Q

Regression

A

In Freudian theory, a return to some earlier state of psychosexual development in the face of some current frustration

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17
Q

Phobia

A

Strong, irrational fear of some specific object, animal, or situation

Example: Phobias can lead to avoidance behaviors.

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18
Q

Free association

A

Basic procedure in psychoanalysis in which the patient is asked to say, without censorship, whatever comes to mind

Example: Free association can reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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19
Q

Resistance

A

In psychoanalysis, the phenomenon in which patients unconsciously resist gaining insight into unconscious motives and conflicts

Example: Resistance can hinder the therapeutic process.

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20
Q

Transference

A

Irrational emotional reaction of a patient to the therapist (usually in psychoanalysis) in which early attitudes toward parents are “transferred” to the therapist

Example: Transference can provide insights into past relationships.

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21
Q

Behaviorism

A

An approach to understanding behavior that emphasizes the relation between observable behavior and specifiable environmental events (or stimuli)

Behaviorism focuses on external influences on behavior.

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22
Q

Reinforcement

A

Consequence that strengthens the future probability of a response that produces it

Example: Reinforcement can increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

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23
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Event, usually biological in nature, that almost always provides reinforcement, such as eating when hungry (Primary reinforcers do not acquire their reinforcing properties through learning.)

Example: Primary reinforcers are essential for survival.

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24
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

Consequence that has gained its reinforcing value by being paired with other reinforcers

Example: Money is a conditioned reinforcer in many cultures.

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25
Q

Punisher

A

Type of consequence that weakens or suppresses the behaviors that produce it

Punishment can decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

26
Q

Contingency

A

The specified dependency between a behavior and its antecedents and consequences

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The contingent presentation of a pleasant result, which strengthens subsequent responding

Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The contingent removal of an unpleasant stimulus, which strengthens subsequent responding

29
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

A stimulus that serves as a signal that a certain response will lead to a reinforce

Discriminative stimuli help individuals differentiate between situations.

30
Q

Reversal design

A

An experimental design in which new reinforcement contingencies are instated for a period of time, followed by reinstatement of the old reinforcement contingencies, and finally the installment of the original, new contingencies (Sometimes a fourth reversal is included to show that the new contingencies are causing any observed changes in behavior.)

31
Q

Modeling

A

Teaching a behavior by performing the behavior and having the learner imitate it

Modeling is an effective way to teach new skills.

32
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A counterconditioning procedure in which subjects are exposed to gradually stronger anxiety-producing stimuli while maintaining a state of relaxation

Systematic desensitization is used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders.

33
Q

Covert sensitization

A

Form of behavior therapy in which a person is asked to imagine an upsetting scene in order to produce a form of aversion conditioning

Covert sensitization aims to reduce unwanted behaviors through negative associations.

34
Q

Mindfulness

A

Objective self-observation and acceptance of thoughts, feelings, and sensations in the body

35
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Emphasis on viewing people as whole human beings rather than analyzing them in an impersonal fashion

Example: The humanistic approach focuses on individual growth and self-actualization.

36
Q

Chromosome

A

Elongated body in the cellular nucleus that carries genetic information (There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human somatic cells.)

Example: Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and characteristics.

37
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary information carried in a chromosome by DNA

Example: Genes are the basic units of inheritance.

38
Q

Genotype

A

Total set of inherited characteristics determined by a person’s genetic makeup

Example: The genotype influences an individual’s physical and behavioral traits.

39
Q

Phenotype

A

Observed characteristic that results from interaction between genotype and environmental influences

Example: Phenotype can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

40
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of heritable phenotypic variation resulting from environmental conditions and life experiences

Example: Epigenetics explores how gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors.

41
Q

Identical or monozygotic (MZ) twins

A

Twins resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized ovum who have exactly the same genetic makeup

Example: Identical twins share 100% of their genetic material.

42
Q

Fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins

A

Twins that result from the simultaneous fertilization of two separate ova, with such a pair having the same degree of genetic similarity as any two nontwin siblings born to the same parent

Example: Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than regular siblings.

43
Q

Concordance

A

In genetic research, the degree to which related individuals share a similar trait

Example: High concordance rates suggest a strong genetic influence on a trait.

44
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Rare single-gene recessive metabolic disorder that can result in intellectual disability

Example: Phenylketonuria requires dietary management to prevent complications.

45
Q

Neuron

A

Individual nerve cell

Example: Neurons transmit signals in the nervous system.

46
Q

Dendrite

A

Branching fiber of a neuron that receives information from other neurons

Example: Dendrites play a crucial role in neural communication.

47
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins that result from the simultaneous fertilization of two separate ova, with such a pair having the same degree of genetic similarity as any two nontwin siblings born to the same parent

Example: Fraternal twins

48
Q

Concordance

A

In genetic research, the degree to which related individuals share a similar trait

49
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Rare single-gene recessive metabolic disorder that can result in intellectual disability

50
Q

Neuron

A

Individual nerve cell

51
Q

Dendrite

A

Branching fiber of a neuron that receives input from other neurons

52
Q

Axon

A

Part of the neuron that carries neural impulses to other cells

53
Q

Synapse

A

A tiny gap separating neurons, across which chemical communications between cells can occur

54
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substance released into the synapse that enables transmission of impulses from one neuron to another

55
Q

Glial cells

A

Non-nerve cells that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons and neuronal transmission

56
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

Therapeutic induction of convulsive seizures by applying electrical current to the brain; found to have some effectiveness with severe depressions

57
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Procedure that attempts to treat abnormal behavior by surgical intervention on the brain

58
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

Proposed that the disorder was caused by excessive dopamine activity in the brain (hence, DA-blocking drugs like Thorazine were useful)

59
Q

Catecholamine hypothesis of depression

A

Proposed that the mood disorders resulted from a relative depletion of norepinephrine in the brain (hence, MAO-I drugs were useful because they enhanced NE activity)

60
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Occasional long-term side effect of some antipsychotic medications that involves rhythmical, stereotyped movements and lip smacking

Psy-251 (17 decks)

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