Chapter 8 - Psychotherapeutic Drugs Flashcards
The leading cause of human disability and premature death in Canada
Mental illness
How much more common is major depression in women than in men
Twice as common
In 2021 how many Canadians reported having a symptoms of a mental illness
1 out of 4
70% of mental illnesses appear before what age
25
What are concurrent disorders?
Concurrent disorders referred to mental health and substance abuse problems occurring together
What are the three proposed models to explain increased substance abuse among individuals with mental disorders?
Self-medication model: The presence and or symptoms of psychosis cause increased drug use to combat them. Negative reinforcement.
Primary Addiction Hypothesis
People achieve a desirable state of consciousness by adding a positive stimulus. Positive Reineforcement
Neurobiological Model: The neurobiology of psychosis and various brain areas increase a person’s vulnerability to substance abuse.
What does the medical model of mental illness imply
The patient appears with a set of symptoms with which a diagnosis can be made as to which disease the patient has. And ultimately provided with a cure
How many Canadians will have a mental health problem at some point in their life?
One in every four Canadians
The neuropeptide cholecystokinin appears to play a role in what emotion in animals?
Panic
What is psychosis
Refers to a major disturbance of normal intellectual and social functioning in which there is a loss of contact with reality
When was the first time a physical treat ment was demonstrated to be effective against serious mental disorders?
In 1917 when it was noticed that the Fever Associated with malaria lessened the symptoms of psychosis caused by syphilitic infection.
What was the 1920s narcosis therapy?
Barbiturates and other depressants were used to induce sleep or relax a person to express repressed thoughts during psychotherapy.
In 1933 Manfred Sekel of Vienna used what treatment for schizophrenia?
Insulin-induced coma that produced convulsions.
Who developed electroconvulsive therapy based on his experiments with pigs
Ugo Cereletti.
In a recent updated position, what did the Canadian Psychiatric Association say about ECT
It should remain a readily treatment option even though its not fully understood how it works.
What were the first antipsychotic drugs called
Phenothiazines
What is the efficacy of phenothiazines?
Though they are not a total cure, they are significantly better than placebo. Discontinuation of the drug will lead to relapse in 75 to 95% of patients within a year.
What is the difference between first generation antipsychotics and second generation antipsychotics?
2nd generation antipsychotics Have greater serotonin and affinity relative to dopamine receptor affinity.
What is the other name for first and second generation antipsychotics
First generation = typical antipsychotics
2nd generation = atypical antipsychotics
What physical symptom gave the first clue to the mechanism of action for antipsychotics
Pseudoparkinsonism – Tremors and muscular rigidity due to a loss of dopamine neurons.
What is the now accepted mechanism of action of antipsychotics?
Antipsychotic drugs block D2 dopamine receptors.
What are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive = hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior
Negative = lack of emotion, social isolation, lack of initiative.
What role do antipsychotics play in drug dependence and the ability to commit suicide
Antipsychotics do not produce drug dependence and are extremely difficult to use for suicide.
What are the major side effects of antipsychotics
Pseudo Parkinsonism and Tardive dyskinesia— rhythmic, repetitive sucking and smacking movements of the lips and tongue.
