Chapter 6 - Stimulants

Question 1

When was coca first recorded being used and by what empire/civilization?

Answer 1

5000 BCE by the Inca Empire in Peru

Question 2

How can coca leafs be made stronger?

Answer 2

Adding calcified lime to increase alkalinity.

Question 3

What was the coca leaf treated as when the conquistadors arrived in Peru?

Answer 3

Money.

Question 4

Who was the first to introduce coca leaf indirectly to the public?

Answer 4

Angelo Mariani, a French chemist.

Question 5

Karl Koller was known for introduce what medical use for Cocaine?

Answer 5

As a local anesthetic for eye surgery

Question 6

What medical problem did Freud think cocaine could be treated with?

Answer 6

Morphine dependence

Question 7

what made Freud change his mind about cocaine

Answer 7

His friend went through cocaine induced psychosis

Question 8

What was Peter Bourne’s, President Jimmy Carter’s chief drug advisor, perspective of Cocaine?

Answer 8

Cocaine use was largely benign and chronic use does not appear to be a medical problem.

Question 9

Which government act classifies drugs into schedules in Canada?

Answer 9

The controlled drugs and Substances Act

Question 10

What country is the largest cultivator of Coca bush?

Answer 10

Colombia

Question 11

How many kilograms of coca leaves do you need to make one kilogram of cocaine?

Answer 11

Five hundred kilograms

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter does cocaine closely resemble

Answer 12

Cocaine does not resemble any of the known neurotransmitters

Question 13

what is the age range of the majority of cocaine users

Answer 13

20-24

Question 14

How long does the high from Crack last vs. Cocaine?

Answer 14

Cocaine = 15-30 minutes; Crack 5-10 minutes

Question 15

What is the most common form of Cocaine?

Answer 15

Cocaine Hydrochloride; can be snorted or injected.

Question 16

What are the neurological effects of cocaine?

Answer 16

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 17

Why was dopamine’s exclusive role and cocaine related behaviors disproven and what is the current perspective?

Answer 17

Research found drugs that block dopamine reuptake do not produce the same behavioral effects as cocaine. It is now believed that an interaction of multiple neurotransmitters including dopamine like serotonin Gaba and glutamate are involved in the process.

Question 18

What is the half-life of cocaine and it metabolites?

Answer 18

roughly one hour for cocaine itself and eight hours for metabolites.

Question 19

Is occasional use of small amounts of cocaine a threat to an individuals health?

Answer 19

no.

Question 20

What is ventricular fibrillation

Answer 20

Chaotic heart rhythm triggered by Cocaine preventing the vagus nerve from controlling the heartbeat

Question 21

What is cocaethylene

Answer 21

When cocaine and alcohol is combined it can form a toxic chemical in the body called cocaethylene

Question 22

Which drug accounts for the largest proportion of admissions to drug treatments

Answer 22

Cocaine

Question 23

What is the connection between cocaine exposure and prenatal development?

Answer 23

Overall ther long-term effects aren’t well known. However, there is no evidence that prenatal cocaine exposure affects development of children.

Question 24

In 2015 How many Canadians used cocaine versus 2017?

Answer 24

1.5% in 2015 and 2.5% in 2017

Question 25

What is the active ingredient in Ma Huang and what is that used for?

Answer 25

The active ingredient is ephedrine which is used for broncial dilation in asthma patients.

Question 26

What is a sympathomimetic drug

Answer 26

a drug that stimulates the sympathethic nervous system.

Question 27

When was amphetamine patented

Answer 27

1932

Question 28

What was the first use of Amphetamines

Answer 28

replacement for ephedrine in the treatment of asthma

Question 29

What is narcolepsy

Answer 29

A condition in which an individual spontaneously falls asleep as many as 50 times a day

Question 30

When did amphetamine use peak in North America

Answer 30

Between 1950s and early 1970s

Question 31

What is a speedball

Answer 31

Heroin and cocaine injected together

Question 32

Which drug was INITIALLY known as speed

Answer 32

Cocaine. Meth was later associated with the term Speed

Question 33

What did hospitals sometimes use methamphetamine for in the past

Answer 33

For people who overdosed on sleeping pills

Question 34

When did the new legal status of amphetamine cause a decrease in use?

Answer 34

1970s

Question 34

What are some slang terms for meth?

Answer 34

Crank, rock candy, glass, and ice

Question 34

As controls tigthened on amphetamines, what alternative sprang about on the streets?

Answer 34

Look-alike drugs containing legally sourced materials.

Question 34

By 1999 how many Americans had used meth at least once?

Answer 34

9 million

Question 35

What are the long term effects of meth use

Answer 35

severe brain damage, tooth decay, weight loss, damage to the lungs, kidney and liver damage, psychosis.

Question 36

What causes death the most with meth users?

Answer 36

Complications of the heart of lung functioning

Question 37

What age range is meth most popular?

Answer 37

19-24

Question 38

What percent of Canadian have tried meth once?

Answer 38

4.6 %

Question 39

What is the average price of meth across Canada?

Answer 39

80 to 150 per gram

Question 40

What neurotransmitters are most similar in molecular structure to amphetamines?

Answer 40

Catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine)

Question 41

How does Amphetamine produce it's affect neurologically?

Answer 41

It mimics Catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) in the peripheral and central nervous systems Increases the release of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin from storage vesicles. Block reuptake of these neurotransmitters as well.

Question 42

What does the methyl group of methamphetamine do neurologically?

Answer 42

Allows the molecule to readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Increasing CNS potency

Question 43

In animal studies amphetamines produce substantial increases in dopamine levels in which brain region

Answer 43

The nucleus accumbens

Question 44

Meth has the ability to induce tachyphylaxis, what is this?

Answer 44

Rapid tolerance built due to high dosage intake.

Question 45

Bioavailability of methamphetamine is what for the following: intravenous, inhalation, oral and intranasal?

Answer 45

Intravenous 100 percent; Inhalation 90%; oral 67%; intranasal 79%

Question 46

Where amphetamine used as an anti-depressant?

Answer 46

Yes in the 50s and 60s

Question 47

What percentage of Canadians were overweight in 2004

Answer 47

23.1

Question 48

What drug is most often used in cases of Narcolepsy? How does it work?

Answer 48

Modafinil (Alterec); research shows it increases the activity of glutamate and catecholamine neurotransmitters

Question 49

What are the two main symptom domains that are used to diagnose ADHD? What are the requirements for a ADHD diagnoses?

Answer 49

Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. At least six symptoms in one domain are required for a diagnoses of ADHD

Question 50

Is there a gender difference in ADHD?

Answer 50

Yes, it is three times more common in males then females.

Question 51

What is the theorized neurological basis of ADHD? How does ritalin help this?

Answer 51

Studies show people with ADHD have prefrontal cortex deficit especially in catecholamine rich regions. Ritalin increases catecholamine activity.

Question 52

What is the drug that shows promise in both increasing catecholamine neurotransmitters and being non-addictive?

Answer 52

Atomoxetine

Question 53

What is one disturbing side effect of stimulant therapy for children ADHD

Answer 53

Height supression

Question 54

A study conducted by Morrow et al. showed what about birthdate and ADHD diagnosis

Answer 54

Being born in later months (december) increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD, likely because kids born early are more developed than later born children.

Question 55

What are some acute behavioral toxicity symptoms of amphetamines

Answer 55

Impaired complex decision making, easily panicked or suspicious to the point of paranoia, increased feelings of power and capability leading to violence.

Question 56

What is the connection between aggression and methamphetamine use

Answer 56

There is no causal relationship that has been established between violent behavior and methamphetamine use. Recent findings have shown an impaired capacity to control or inhibit aggressive impulses, psychotic perception of hostile environments and high levels of impulsivity may work together to create aggressive behaviors.

Question 57

What is the neurological cause of psychosis in meth users

Answer 57

Evidence shows that paranoid psychosis results from dopaminergic stimulation and the mesolimbic system.

Question 58

Why did experts argue whether cocaine or amphetamines were really addictive?

Answer 58

Because abrupt cessation of amphetamines or cocaine does not produce any obvious physical withdrawal symptoms seen with barbiturate or heroin withdrawal.