Chapter 8: Physiological Assessment Flashcards
Define Anaerobic Power
The amount of work performed in a given unit of time
Usually represents one single and explosive bout, event or repetition performed at maximal effort
Define Anaerobic Capacity
The ability to sustain high anaerobic activity
Define speed
The rate of motion or the rate of change of distance
Define agility
How accurately and rapidly a person can change direction
Involves acceleration, stabilization, and deceleration
Define reactivity
The rate at which a person responds to a stimulus
Define coordination
The ability to perform complex movements while providing accurate responses in both timing and intensity
What are the signs that it’s time to terminate a fitness assessment?
•Onset of Angina or chest pain •More than >10mmHg drop in systolic blood pressure •Excessive rise in BP >>SBP 250+ >>DBP 115+ •Excessive fatigue, shortness of breath, or wheezing •Signs of perfusion (lightheadedness) •Cyanosis (bluish color around mouth) •Nausea, cold or clammy skin •Dizziness/Confusion •Leg cramping or claudication •Client requests to stop •Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue •Failure of testing equipment
What is cyanosis?
Cyan; turning a blue-ish color
What is Ataxia
Neurological dysfunction resulting in a lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements
What is Syncope?
Fainting, loss of consciousness
What are some common methods of measuring body composition?
- Bioelectrical Impedance
- DEXA Scans
- Hydrostatic Weighing
- underwater weighing
- Near-infrared interactance
- skin fold measurements
- whole body air displacement plethysmography
What are some common methods of measuring body size?
- BMI
- Girth measurements, including waist to hip ratio
- Height
- Weight
What is lean body mass composed of?
- Muscle Tissue
- Organs
- Connective Tissue
- Bones
- Blood
- Nervous Tissue
- Skin
Essential Body Fat Functions to allow the body to…
Essential for:
- thermoregulation
- insulation
- hormone production
- cushioning of vital organs
- maintenance of certain bodily functions
What are the minimum percentages of body fat for men and women?
Men: 2-5%
Women: 10-13%
What are the main functions of visceral subcutaneous fat?
- Stored energy
- Cushion/protect vital organs
What are some diseases/health risks associated with having excess body fat?
- Heart Disease
- Osteoarthritis
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Metabolic Disease
- Cancers such as (breast, colon, endometrial)
- Diabetes
- Sleep Apnea
- Low-Back Dysfunction
Define anthropometry
the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body
What is the main characteristic of lean mass?
Lean body mass is metabolically active tissue that allows the body to perform work
What is Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)?
BIA measures electrical signals as they pass through fat, lean mass, and water in the body
BIA machines are found primarily in laboratories
Less sophisticated BIA devices can be found in fitness settings
What is Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP)?
Commonly as the “Bod Pod”
Egg shaped chamber that measures the amount of air that is displaced when the person sits in the machine
The two values needed to determine the body fat are air displacement and body weight
Machines are expensive and highly accurate
What is a DEXA scan?
Typically found in clinical settings
X-Rays scan the whole body, reading both bone and soft-tissue mass
Has ability to identify regional body fat distribution
Highly accurate
What is Hydrostatic weighing?
“Underwater Weighing” common in lab settings at colleges
Gold standard of body-fat assessment
Measures the amount of water a person displaces when completely submerged, completely exhale all air from lungs
What is Near-infrared interactance (NIR)?
NIR uses a fiber optic probe connected to a digital analyzer that indirectly measures tissue composition (fat and water)
Typically biceps are the assessment site
Calculations are plugged into a formula that includes height, weight, frame size, and level of activity
Inexpensive and fast method yet not as accurate as the other methods
What is Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)?
TOBEC uses electromagnetic force field to assess relative body fat
Impractical and too expensive for fitness setting
What is the protocol for performing a skin fold measurement?
- client should be hydrated and measure then prior to any exercise
- Make sure client is comfortable with the protocol (explain it to them)
- All measurements should be taken on the right side of the body while the client is standing
- Use washable pencil or eyeliner to mark them up
- Hold calipers in right hand while grasping skin fold with the left hand
- Grasp or pinch the skin fold site thus pulling the subcutaneous fat and skin away from the muscle tissue
- The pinch is maintained while calipers are positioned perpendicular to the site, on the marked site, midway between the top and base of the fold
- Slowly release caliper trigger, reading the dial to the nearest 0.5mm approximately 2-3 seconds after release
- After reading, gently squeeze calipers to remove caliper before releasing the skin
- Each of the 3 sites should be measured at least twice
- If subsequent readings differ more than 2mm then a third reading is necessary and the average of the two most similar scores should be taken
- Wait between 20-30 seconds between measurements to allow skin and fat to redistribute
- Record all measurements on a testing form
Skinfold Test for Men
Sites: Chest, Thigh, Abdominal
Body Density = (sum of skin folds) + (sum of three skin folds squared) - age
Skinfold Test for Women
Sites: Triceps, Thigh, Suprailium
What is the purpose of the Body Mass Index (BMI)?
It provides an objective ratio describing the relationship between body weight and height
*cannot determine body composition
What is the relevance of girth measurements?
- Waist circumference correlates to heart disease
- Decreased waist circumference is inspiring to obese clients
- Increased muscle girth will be inspiring to clients whose goal is hypertrophy