Chapter 16: Emergency Procedures Flashcards
Cardiac Arrest
Cessation of heart function, lose consciousness, no pulse, stops breathing. The person may be gasping, snorting or gurgling.
-Call 911
-CPR
-AED (defibrillator)
What is the most common abnormal heart rhythm experienced during cardiac arrest?
Ventricular Fibrillation
Dyspnea
Characterized as difficulty breathing
Symptoms:
-poor movement of the chest wall
-flaring of the nostrils
-straining of the neck muscles
-pale bluish color (cyanosis)
-snorting, gurgling, crowing sounds
Response:
-Call 911
Choking
No assistance is necessary if the airway is only partially blocked unless the obstruction cannot be dislodged and the person becomes hypoxic (oxygen deficient)
Response:
-Heimlich Maneuver
Asthma
Symptoms:
-wheezing
-shortness of breath
-tightness in the chest
-coughing
Triggers:
-Allergens
-Viruses
-Exercise
-Cold Air
Response:
-Take medication (bronchodilators)
-Sometimes breathing through nose of scarf is helpful
-Implement a longer warm-up and cool-down for asthmatic clients
CAD, Chest Pain, Heart Attack Emergency Response
Symptoms:
-Angina Pectoris
-Shortness of Breath
-Cold Sweat
-Nausea
-Lightheadedness
-Back or Jaw Pain
Response:
-Call 911
Syncope
“Fainting”
Common causes:
-Dehydration/heavy sweating
-Emotional Stress
-Severe Pain
-Exhaustion
-Sudden Postural Changes
Symptoms:
-Palpitations
-Irregular Heart Beat
-Warm Sensation
-Nausea
-Lightheadedness
-Sweaty Palms
-Visual “gray out”
Response:
-Have client sit or lie down
-Drink fluids
-Medication
Stroke
Symptoms:
-Off Balance Walking
-Slurred Speach
-Weakness or Numbness
-Vision loss
-Severe Headache
Response:
-Call 911
Obese BMI
> 30kg/m2
Diabetes and Insulin Reaction
(Hypoglycemia)
Causes:
-Vomitted
-Injected too much insulin
-Too much exercise w/o enough food
Symptoms:
-Headache
-Hunger
-Weakness
-Sweating
-Fatigue
-Personality Changes
-Seizures
-Coma
Response:
-Stop exercising
-Have client sit down
-Consume 20-30g of sugar
-Check Blood Sugar levels
—>should be at least 100mg/dL before resuming exercise
-If the person still does not feel better after a few minutes call 911
Heat Stress
Factors affecting thermoregulation:
-Heat
-High Humidity
-Diuretics
-Anti-depressants
-Antihistamines
Heat Exhaustion
Symptoms:
-Weak, rapid pulse
-Low BP
-Fatigue
-Headache
-Dizziness
-General Weakness
-Paleness
-Cold, clammy skin
-Profuse sweating
-Elavated Body Temp 104• or less
Treatment:
-Stop exercising
-Move to a cool, well-ventilated area
-Lay down and elevate feet
-Give fluids
-Monitor Temperature
Heat Stroke
Symptoms:
-Hot, dry skin
-Bright red skin color
-Rapid strong pulse
-Irritable, aggressiveness, anxiety
-Labored Breathing
-Elevated Body Temp >105 degrees
Treatment:
-Stop exercising
-Remove clothing
-Wet towels, ice packs, fan
-Give fluid
-Transport to ER immediately
Severe Dehydration
Symptoms:
-Uncoordinated movements
-Altered Consciousness
Treatment:
-Give fluids
-Cool wet towels
-Call 911 if they’re vomiting and losing fluids
How to help clients avoid heat illness
-Exercise during cooler times of day
-Frequent water breaks on hot humid days
-Lightweight Clothing
-Watch for warning signs of cramping
-Avoid exercise when wet bulb glove temperature is >82 degrees
* WBGT is the temperature, humidity, and radiant heat combined
*Becoming acclimated to heat takes 10-14 days
-Drink plenty of fluids before, during, and after exercise
Fluid Intake Recommendations during exercise
2 hours prior= 500-600 mL
Every 10-20 minutes = 200-300 mL
After = 450-675 mL for every 0.5kg body weight lost
Cold Stress
Hypothermia Symptoms:
-Confusion
-Fatigue
-Dizziness
-Amnesia
-Apathy
-Difficulty Speaking
-Lethargy
-Hallucinations
-Loss of consciousness
Treatment:
-Take to the nearest warm shelter
-Remove wet clothing
-Warm blankets
-Keep person lying down to prevent drop in blood pressure
-Arrythmia May occur; keep AED nearby
-Call 911 during more serious cases of hypothermia
Frostbite
Symptoms:
-Areas become numb and painful and the skin becomes grayish or yellow with a waxy appearance that is hard to touch
*Frostbite Worsens by altitude, wind, exposure for long periods, and contact with cold objects.
*Those with diabetes and atherosclerosis are at high risk for frostbite because circulation is already impaired
Seizures
Occurs when there is abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain
Response:
-Clear the area so the victim doesn’t hit their head on furniture or objects
-Place a towel under the victims had to help protect it from injury
-Never restrain the victim or place anything in the victims mouth
-Call 911
-After the seizure, check to make sure the victims breathing, and if not, start CPR
-If necessary, roll the victim onto their side to prevent vomit or mucus from obstructing the airway
Soft-Tissue Injuries
Symptoms:
Abrasion, contusion, incision, laceration, avulsion, puncture
Response:
-Clean the area thoroughly and irrigate with plenty of water, then apply a dry dressing
-Apply direct pressure over the entry site to control bleeding. If the guys get soaked through, apply more gauze pads without removing the first ones
-Dizziness, confusion, agitation, pale, cold, clammy skin maybe signs of shock
-For any broken skin, tetanus shot may need to be updated
-RICE
Strain
An injury to a tendon, which connects muscle to bone
Compression Tape Application
Apply distally and wrap proximally
Fractures
Closed Fracture: A fracture where there is no breaking the surface of the skin
Open Fracture: there is an open wound that may or may not have the end of the broken bone protruding through it
Fracture symptoms:
-Deformity or Disfigurement
-Pain or tenderness
-Swelling
-Severe weakness and loss of function
-Bruising
-A joint locked in position
-Audible snap at the time of injury
-Abnormal motion or position of the insured limb
-inability to bear weight on the limb
-Discoloration
Treatment:
-Keep the victim quiet, do not allow him to move the insured part or attempt to put weight on it
-Remove or cutaway clothing that covers the injury
-Cover an open fracture with a sterile gauze
-Call 911
-Keep the victim lying down if there is significant bleeding to improve circulation to the heart and brain
-Apply gentle pressure to slower stop the bleeding
-Leave the protruding ends of the bone where they are. Do not attempt to push them back into place
Head Injuries
Symptoms of a concussion:
-Amnesia
-Confusion
-Memory loss
-Headache
-Drowsiness
-Loss of consciousness
-Impaired speech
-Tinnitus (hearing bells)
-Unequal pupil size
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Balance problems or dizziness
-Blurry or double vision
-Sensitivity to light or noise
-changes in behavior
Response:
-Stop training until given permission by a healthcare professional
-Trainer should check the ABC’s and start CPR if necessary
-If the victim can talk ask questions like their name and where they are while checking for unequal pupil size
Neck or Spinal Injury
The most common location of a spinal cord injury is the most delicate part a.k.a. the cervical spine, located in the neck and made up of seven cervical vertebrae
Strain/Sprain Symptoms:
-Stiffness
-pain
-decreased range of motion
Response:
-To relieve spasm, ice massage for 8 to 10 minutes is recommended -exercise is not recommended unless there is free range of motion and clearance exercise
-When a neck injury occurs, it’s important to move the injured area as little as possible to prevent further damage
-Check ABC’s, and then unconscious victim open the airway with the jaw thrust method instead of the head tilt chin lift
-If the person is conscious instruct the victim to look straightahead and not try to follow the trainer with his or her eyes while keeping the head still as possible
-Watch for any disrupted breathing
Stinger Symptoms:
-A sharp burning pain down the arm after ahead or shoulder injury
-Short term loss of arm function lasting for 5 to 15 minutes
Response
-If the symptoms last longer than a few minutes, medical treatment is recommended
Shock
(Hypoperfusion)
Occurs when blood is not adequately distributed in the body and tissues do not receive the oxygen and nutrients needed for proper function and survival
Symptoms:
-Restlessness
-anxiety
-altered mental status
-pale cool and clammy skin
-fast and weak pulse
-irregular breathing
-nausea
-thirst
Response:
-Requires immediate medical attention
-Check ABCs and control severe bleeding
-If no trauma to lower body, elevate the legs
-cover victim with a blanket to regulate body temperature
Hypovolemic Shock
Occurs when fluid, such as blood, is lost as a result of severe dehydration or from bleeding
Obstructive shock
Occurs when a blood clot or other mechanical obstructions does not allow blood to reach the heart
Distributive shock
Occurs when vessels are dilated and not allowing normal blood distribution. This can be due to a spinal or head injury, and allergy such as a bee sting or food allergy, or toxins from a severe infection
Cardiogenic shock
The inadequate function of the heart resulting from heart attack or coronary artery disease
What are the blood-borne pathogens of the most concern?
Hepatitis B
HIV
What is the best way to prevent the spread of disease?
Wash your hands
How are Hepititis B and C transmitted?
-Drug Injection
-Contact with mucous membrane
-Casual Contact with an infected person
