Chapter 16: Emergency Procedures

Question 1

Cardiac Arrest

Answer 1

Cessation of heart function, lose consciousness, no pulse, stops breathing. The person may be gasping, snorting or gurgling.
-Call 911
-CPR
-AED (defibrillator)

Question 2

What is the most common abnormal heart rhythm experienced during cardiac arrest?

Answer 2

Ventricular Fibrillation

Question 3

Dyspnea

Answer 3

Characterized as difficulty breathing

Symptoms:
-poor movement of the chest wall
-flaring of the nostrils
-straining of the neck muscles
-pale bluish color (cyanosis)
-snorting, gurgling, crowing sounds

Response:
-Call 911

Question 4

Choking

Answer 4

No assistance is necessary if the airway is only partially blocked unless the obstruction cannot be dislodged and the person becomes hypoxic (oxygen deficient)

Response:
-Heimlich Maneuver

Question 5

Asthma

Answer 5

Symptoms:
-wheezing
-shortness of breath
-tightness in the chest
-coughing

Triggers:
-Allergens
-Viruses
-Exercise
-Cold Air

Response:
-Take medication (bronchodilators)
-Sometimes breathing through nose of scarf is helpful
-Implement a longer warm-up and cool-down for asthmatic clients

Question 6

CAD, Chest Pain, Heart Attack Emergency Response

Answer 6

Symptoms:
-Angina Pectoris
-Shortness of Breath
-Cold Sweat
-Nausea
-Lightheadedness
-Back or Jaw Pain

Response:
-Call 911

Question 7

Syncope

Answer 7

“Fainting”

Common causes:
-Dehydration/heavy sweating
-Emotional Stress
-Severe Pain
-Exhaustion
-Sudden Postural Changes

Symptoms:
-Palpitations
-Irregular Heart Beat
-Warm Sensation
-Nausea
-Lightheadedness
-Sweaty Palms
-Visual “gray out”

Response:
-Have client sit or lie down
-Drink fluids
-Medication

Question 8

Stroke

Answer 8

Symptoms:
-Off Balance Walking
-Slurred Speach
-Weakness or Numbness
-Vision loss
-Severe Headache

Response:
-Call 911

Question 9

Obese BMI

Answer 9

> 30kg/m2

Question 10

Diabetes and Insulin Reaction
(Hypoglycemia)

Answer 10

Causes:
-Vomitted
-Injected too much insulin
-Too much exercise w/o enough food

Symptoms:
-Headache
-Hunger
-Weakness
-Sweating
-Fatigue
-Personality Changes
-Seizures
-Coma

Response:
-Stop exercising
-Have client sit down
-Consume 20-30g of sugar
-Check Blood Sugar levels
—>should be at least 100mg/dL before resuming exercise
-If the person still does not feel better after a few minutes call 911

Question 11

Heat Stress

Answer 11

Factors affecting thermoregulation:
-Heat
-High Humidity
-Diuretics
-Anti-depressants
-Antihistamines

Question 12

Heat Exhaustion

Answer 12

Symptoms:
-Weak, rapid pulse
-Low BP
-Fatigue
-Headache
-Dizziness
-General Weakness
-Paleness
-Cold, clammy skin
-Profuse sweating
-Elavated Body Temp 104• or less

Treatment:
-Stop exercising
-Move to a cool, well-ventilated area
-Lay down and elevate feet
-Give fluids
-Monitor Temperature

Question 13

Heat Stroke

Answer 13

Symptoms:
-Hot, dry skin
-Bright red skin color
-Rapid strong pulse
-Irritable, aggressiveness, anxiety
-Labored Breathing
-Elevated Body Temp >105 degrees

Treatment:
-Stop exercising
-Remove clothing
-Wet towels, ice packs, fan
-Give fluid
-Transport to ER immediately

Question 14

Severe Dehydration

Answer 14

Symptoms:
-Uncoordinated movements
-Altered Consciousness

Treatment:
-Give fluids
-Cool wet towels
-Call 911 if they’re vomiting and losing fluids

Question 15

How to help clients avoid heat illness

Answer 15

-Exercise during cooler times of day
-Frequent water breaks on hot humid days
-Lightweight Clothing
-Watch for warning signs of cramping
-Avoid exercise when wet bulb glove temperature is >82 degrees
* WBGT is the temperature, humidity, and radiant heat combined
*Becoming acclimated to heat takes 10-14 days
-Drink plenty of fluids before, during, and after exercise

Question 16

Fluid Intake Recommendations during exercise

Answer 16

2 hours prior= 500-600 mL
Every 10-20 minutes = 200-300 mL
After = 450-675 mL for every 0.5kg body weight lost

Question 17

Cold Stress

Answer 17

Hypothermia Symptoms:
-Confusion
-Fatigue
-Dizziness
-Amnesia
-Apathy
-Difficulty Speaking
-Lethargy
-Hallucinations
-Loss of consciousness

Treatment:
-Take to the nearest warm shelter
-Remove wet clothing
-Warm blankets
-Keep person lying down to prevent drop in blood pressure
-Arrythmia May occur; keep AED nearby
-Call 911 during more serious cases of hypothermia

Question 18

Frostbite

Answer 18

Symptoms:
-Areas become numb and painful and the skin becomes grayish or yellow with a waxy appearance that is hard to touch
*Frostbite Worsens by altitude, wind, exposure for long periods, and contact with cold objects.
*Those with diabetes and atherosclerosis are at high risk for frostbite because circulation is already impaired

Question 19

Seizures

Answer 19

Occurs when there is abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain

Response:
-Clear the area so the victim doesn’t hit their head on furniture or objects
-Place a towel under the victims had to help protect it from injury
-Never restrain the victim or place anything in the victims mouth
-Call 911
-After the seizure, check to make sure the victims breathing, and if not, start CPR
-If necessary, roll the victim onto their side to prevent vomit or mucus from obstructing the airway

Question 20

Soft-Tissue Injuries

Answer 20

Symptoms:
Abrasion, contusion, incision, laceration, avulsion, puncture

Response:
-Clean the area thoroughly and irrigate with plenty of water, then apply a dry dressing
-Apply direct pressure over the entry site to control bleeding. If the guys get soaked through, apply more gauze pads without removing the first ones
-Dizziness, confusion, agitation, pale, cold, clammy skin maybe signs of shock
-For any broken skin, tetanus shot may need to be updated
-RICE

Question 21

Strain

Answer 21

An injury to a tendon, which connects muscle to bone

Question 22

Compression Tape Application

Answer 22

Apply distally and wrap proximally

Question 23

Fractures

Answer 23

Closed Fracture: A fracture where there is no breaking the surface of the skin

Open Fracture: there is an open wound that may or may not have the end of the broken bone protruding through it

Fracture symptoms:
-Deformity or Disfigurement
-Pain or tenderness
-Swelling
-Severe weakness and loss of function
-Bruising
-A joint locked in position
-Audible snap at the time of injury
-Abnormal motion or position of the insured limb
-inability to bear weight on the limb
-Discoloration

Treatment:
-Keep the victim quiet, do not allow him to move the insured part or attempt to put weight on it
-Remove or cutaway clothing that covers the injury
-Cover an open fracture with a sterile gauze
-Call 911
-Keep the victim lying down if there is significant bleeding to improve circulation to the heart and brain
-Apply gentle pressure to slower stop the bleeding
-Leave the protruding ends of the bone where they are. Do not attempt to push them back into place

Question 24

Head Injuries

Answer 24

Symptoms of a concussion:
-Amnesia
-Confusion
-Memory loss
-Headache
-Drowsiness
-Loss of consciousness
-Impaired speech
-Tinnitus (hearing bells)
-Unequal pupil size
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Balance problems or dizziness
-Blurry or double vision
-Sensitivity to light or noise
-changes in behavior

Response:
-Stop training until given permission by a healthcare professional
-Trainer should check the ABC’s and start CPR if necessary
-If the victim can talk ask questions like their name and where they are while checking for unequal pupil size

Question 25

Neck or Spinal Injury

Answer 25

The most common location of a spinal cord injury is the most delicate part a.k.a. the cervical spine, located in the neck and made up of seven cervical vertebrae

Strain/Sprain Symptoms:
-Stiffness
-pain
-decreased range of motion

Response:
-To relieve spasm, ice massage for 8 to 10 minutes is recommended -exercise is not recommended unless there is free range of motion and clearance exercise
-When a neck injury occurs, it’s important to move the injured area as little as possible to prevent further damage
-Check ABC’s, and then unconscious victim open the airway with the jaw thrust method instead of the head tilt chin lift
-If the person is conscious instruct the victim to look straightahead and not try to follow the trainer with his or her eyes while keeping the head still as possible
-Watch for any disrupted breathing

Stinger Symptoms:
-A sharp burning pain down the arm after ahead or shoulder injury
-Short term loss of arm function lasting for 5 to 15 minutes

Response
-If the symptoms last longer than a few minutes, medical treatment is recommended

Question 26

Shock
(Hypoperfusion)

Answer 26

Occurs when blood is not adequately distributed in the body and tissues do not receive the oxygen and nutrients needed for proper function and survival

Symptoms:
-Restlessness
-anxiety
-altered mental status
-pale cool and clammy skin
-fast and weak pulse
-irregular breathing
-nausea
-thirst

Response:
-Requires immediate medical attention
-Check ABCs and control severe bleeding
-If no trauma to lower body, elevate the legs
-cover victim with a blanket to regulate body temperature

Question 27

Hypovolemic Shock

Answer 27

Occurs when fluid, such as blood, is lost as a result of severe dehydration or from bleeding

Question 28

Obstructive shock

Answer 28

Occurs when a blood clot or other mechanical obstructions does not allow blood to reach the heart

Question 29

Distributive shock

Answer 29

Occurs when vessels are dilated and not allowing normal blood distribution. This can be due to a spinal or head injury, and allergy such as a bee sting or food allergy, or toxins from a severe infection

Question 30

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 30

The inadequate function of the heart resulting from heart attack or coronary artery disease

Question 31

What are the blood-borne pathogens of the most concern?

Answer 31

Hepatitis B
HIV

Question 32

What is the best way to prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 32

Wash your hands

Question 33

How are Hepititis B and C transmitted?

Answer 33

-Drug Injection
-Contact with mucous membrane
-Casual Contact with an infected person