Chapter 8: Perception Interventions Flashcards
perception
a persons cognitive interpretation of events
what prevents us from being aware of life?
the routine of daily experience
attitude of gratitude
focusing on things about which we can be grateful for
optimistic women are less likely to develop …
coronary heart disease, died from coronary heart disease and die of cancer
humor can be effective way of coping with what?
stress
14 year olds laugh every ____ minutes while adults taught only ____ times a day.
4
15
humor can take several forms
exaggeration/hyperbole
incongruity (two or more incompatible ideas or feelings)
surprise
slapstick
sarcasm
pun
irony
laughter increases…
muscular activity, respiratory activity, oxygen exchange, heart rate, and the production of catecholamines and endorphins which are then followed by a relaxation state
humor can also help the elderly. it can …
improve function of immune system
increase tolerance of pain
decrease stress response
can be used as therapy in hospitals
laughter combats ____
cancer and cal also be a way to overcome PTSD and coping with terrorism
laughter is useful for patients receiving what kind of care?
palliative care - care designed to make patients comfortable rather than cure them
type a behavior patten
a cluster of behaviors associated with the development of coronary heart disease
excessive competitive drive
aggressiveness
impatient
harrying sense of time urgency
free floating but well rationalized form of hostility and insecurity
associated with coronary heart disease
experience more job stress
more health problems
more likely to have heart attacks (acute myocardial infarction) than type B
most likely to survive heart attack than type B
increased risk of angina pectoris (chest pain)
usually heavy smokers and use alcohol
more likely to experience traffic accident than B
takes longer to recover to baseline levels from stress
type b behavior pattern
behavior pattern that is not excessively competitive, with no free floating hostility and no sense of time urgency. also develops coronary heart disease
two components of type A that operate in opposing directions
impatience/irritability (II)
characterized by impatience, time urgency, irritability
associated with physical health complaints, depression, job satisfaction, marital dissatisfaction -- achievement striving (AS)
characterized by job dedication, target setting and hard driving behavior
ways to decrease type A behavior
separate those things that have to get done from those things you only wish to get done
maintain journal and list things that anger and frustrate you. identify triggers
slow down
take a deep breath before engaging in activities
allows others to complete a task at their own pace
refrain from interrupting people or trying to speed them up
focus on things you are doing rather than multitasking
engage in relaxation exercise and physical activities
self esteem
how highly you regard yourself - which can affect how you behave.
why is self esteem important?
if you don’t think well of yourself you will not trust your opinions or decisions, and you will be more apt to be influenced by others
may form to behaviors of those you interact with
poor self esteem is related to …
drug abuse
irresponsible sexual behavior
other unhealthy activities
self esteem is learned
type c
a personality type proposed to be associated with the development of cancer
denial and suppression of emotions such as anger, resentment, honesty and pathological niceness
poor ability to cope with stress
compliment and patient
avoids conflicts
type d
a personality type associated with the development of and death from coronary heart disease.
negative emotions
depressed, anxious, irritable and insecure
glass empty than full
tense and inhibited around others
the very essence of stress management requires _____ in yourself and in your decisions to control your life effectively
CONFIDENCE
self efficacy is related to
recover from PTSD, academic success to college, occupational stress, depression, life satisfaction, and less stress and burnout
mothers who were self efficacious - who felt confident in their mothering role - were found to have such an effect on their children’s oral health habits -children brushed teeth more often
improving self esteem
identify the part of yourself you want to feel better
external locus of control
believe they have little control over events that affects one’s life
less likely to take action to control their lives
prefer gambling games of chance rather than skill. prefer roulette and bingo
blame their success and failures on things outside themselves
internal locus of control
believe they have a good deal of control of events that affect one’s life
know more about their situation because they seek information
prefer poker and blackjack gambling games
accept responsibility for their success and failures
locus of control
related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, and psychological and behavioral responses to a diagnosis of human papillomavirus
cocreator perception deficiency (CCPD)
the belief that one is either the victim of circumstances or the master of circumstances, each of which is erroneous
anxiety
an unrealistic fear that manifests itself in physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the anxiety provoking stimulus
to feel anxious these must be present …
feel fear
your heart race, respiratory rate, blood pressure and other physiological processes must be aroused
must seek to escape the stimulus making you anxious once it presents itself, or seek to avoid it in the first place
fear must be unrealistic
test anxiety
involves worry and emotionality
worry is concerned with failing
emotional refers to unpleasant feelings and physiological reactions Brought on by tests
state anxiety
anxiety that is either temporary in nature or specific to a particular stimulus
trait anxiety
a general state of anxiety not specific to a particular stimulus
panic disorder (attack)
a condition in which feelings of terror arise from unrealistic fear, resulting in symptoms such as feeling numb, sweaty, weak, and faint, flushed, chilled, chest pain or smothering sensation, sense of loss of control
can’t predict when attack will occur and many develop intense anxiety between episodes worrying when next will strike
affect 6 million adults as is twice as common in women than men
often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and the risk in developing it is inherited
NOT EVERYONE WHO HAS PANIC ATTACKS WILL DEVELOP PANIC DISORDER
these people avoid situations where they may feel helpless if a panic attack were to occur
agoraphobia
when people’s lives become so restricted, (1/3 of people)
social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
overwhelming fear and excessive self consciousness in everyday situations; a chronic fear of being watched by others and not performing well
ex - fear of public speaking
unable to overcome it even if they know they have it
can be limited to one type of situation - example speaking in formal setting OR severe where they have symptoms when they are around almost anybody
physical symptoms: blushing, profuse sweating, trembling, nausea, difficult talking
affects 15 million adults
women and men equal in getting it
usually begins in childhood or early adolescence
can be TREATED with psychotherapy or medications
relaxation and breathing exercises help reduce symptoms
specific phobia
an intense fear of something that poses little or no actual danger
ex - close in spaces, heights, escalators, tunnels, water, flying, dogs …
irrational fears of particular things
affects 19.2 million adults
twice as common in women than men
usually appear in childhood or adolescence and persist into adulthood
can be treated with psychotherapy. relaxation helps reduce symptoms
coping techniques
environmental planning - if you have fear of crowds, live in a small town. if you have fear of flying don’t live close to airports
relabeling - relabel any negative experience as a positive one
self talk - ask yourself what the real risk is
thought stopping - when you experience negative thoughts, shut them off. learn deep muscle relaxation techniques
systematic desensitization - either imagining or encountering an anxiety provoking stimulus while practicing relaxation
cognitive restructuring - a method of coping with anxiety that involves thinking about an anxiety provoking event as less threatening
the ABCDE technique.- a method of examining irrational beliefs that make us anxious, changing those beliefs and envisioning more positive consequences of our actions. activate agent (identify stressor)
belief system (identify rational and irrational belief)
consequences (mental, physical, and behavioral)
dispute irrational beliefs
effect (changed consequences)
fear hierarchy
- a list of small steps to move through anxiety provoking stimulus
armchair desensitization
a form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is imagined
in vivo desensitization
a form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered
resiliency
the ability to identify and make use of strengths and assets to respond to challenges, thereby growing as an individual
resilient traits include: happiness, optimism, self determination, creativity, a sense of morality and self control, gratitude, forgiveness and humility
spirituality is an important variable used by resilient people
to become resilient: make list of strengths. when confronted with challenges, select those strengths that seem most applicable, then analyze what you did, how successful it was and how you can refine process
hardiness
a state of mind and body that includes commitment, control and challenge
seem to withstand stressors
lower blood pressure and triglycerides
related to mental health, management of chronic illness, helping family caregivers from becoming depressed, preventing work stress and increasing job satisfactions and preventing burnout
helps diminish feelings of depressions
