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Stress Management > Chapter 3 Stress and Illness/Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Stress and Illness/Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Hot reactors

A

people who react to stress with an all-out physiological reaction

tend to suffer from chronic anger or anxiety, which leads to high blood pressure and heart attacks known as hate attacks.

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2
Q

psychosomatic, also known as ____ are ….

A

also known as psychophysiological

conditions that have both a mind and body component

a common cold may be a function of psychological stress which decreases the effectiveness of the immunological system and results in the body being more vulnerable to cold viruses

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3
Q

psychogenic

A

a physical disease caused by emotional stress without a microorganism involved

example - asthma

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4
Q

somatogenic

A

a psychosomatic disease that results from the mind increasing the body’s susceptibility to disease-causing microbes or natural degenerative processes

example - cancer and rheumatoid arthritis

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5
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of the illness-causing and healing effects of the mind on the body

Was named by Robert Ader.

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6
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell whose purpose is to destroy substances foreign to the body

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7
Q

b cells

A

a type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies that travel to the site of invasion and either neutralize the enemy or tag it for attack by other cells and chemicals

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8
Q

phagocytes, T cells, and B cells all share one function …to what?

A

to identify and destroy all substances foreign to the body

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9
Q

Macrophages

A

these are the most important phagocytes

they surround and engulf invading substances while summoning helper T cells.

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10
Q

helper T cells

A

a type of lymphocyte

identify the invader and stimulate the multiplication of killer T cells and B cells.

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11
Q

killer T cells

A

a type of lymphocyte

puncture the membranes of body cells invaded by the foreign substance, thereby killing the cell and substance

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12
Q

suppressor T cells

A

cells that halt the immune response

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13
Q

memory t and b cells

A

cells left in the bloodstream and the lymphatic system to recognize and respond to future attacks to the body by the same invader

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14
Q

Hans Eysenck presents evidence for what kinds of personalities?

A

cancer prone

unassertive, overpatient, avoiding conflicts, and failing to express negative emotions

angry, hostile, aggressive

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15
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

is a condition characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood

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16
Q

cholesterol

A

a waxy, fat like substance that is produced in the body and obtained from foods that come from animals ( egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish and dairy products)

the body needs cholesterol to build cell membranes, make certain hormones, and produce compounds that aid in fat digestion

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17
Q

what happens when you get a buildup of cholesterol?

A

forms clumps (plaque) that narrow and harden the artery walls

as the clumps get bigger, they can clog the arteries and restrict the flow of blood to the heart. The buildup of plaque in coronary arteries causes a form of chest pain called angina, and greatly increases a person’s risk of having a heart attack

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18
Q

how is cholesterol carried?

A

in small packages called lipoproteins. The small packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside

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19
Q

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

sometimes termed bad cholesterol

too much LDL leads to a clogging of arteries and is related to the development of coronary heart disease

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20
Q

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

sometimes termed good cholesterol

HDL carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. the liver helps to remove cholesterol from the body thereby lowering the chances of developing coronary heart disease

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21
Q

Friedman, Rosenman, and Carroll conducted an investigation of the relationship between what two things?

A

stress and serum cholesterol

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22
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

is excessive and damaging pressure of the blood against the walls of the arterial blood vessels.

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23
Q

Blood pressure is measured with a …?

A

sphygmomanometer - an instrument consisting of an inflatable cuff placed around the upper arm and a stethoscope.

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24
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

The cuff cuts off the blood flow in the brachial artery until it is deflated to the point where the blood pressure forces the blood through

-pressure of blood as it leaves the heart

120 mm Hg is normal

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25
diastolic blood pressure
at the point where the cuff is deflated further and the blood is not impeded at all, another measure is taken. -pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the heart is relaxed 80 mm Hg is normal
26
what is considered high blood pressure
systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg is hypertension
27
blood pressure for elderly
140/90
28
What are the causes for hypertension?
excessive sodium (salt) intake - 5,000 mg daily kidney disease - too narrow an opening in the aorta (main blood vessel through which blood exits the heart) Cushing's syndrome (over secretion of cortisol hormones) obesity oral contraceptives
29
essential hypertension
hypertension with no known cause
30
cerebral hemorrhage
a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
31
myocardial infarction
when a part of the heart dies because of a lack of oxygen
32
plaque
debris that clogs coronary arteries
33
Dr Herbert Benson
used meditation to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients
34
Apoplexy
also termed stroke is a lack of oxygen in the brain resulting from blockage or rupture of one of the arteries that supply it.
35
what are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?
trouble walking - stumbling, dizziness, loss of balance, loss of coordination trouble with speaking - slurred speech or not being able to come up with words to explain something (aphasia) paralysis or numbness on one side of the body trouble with seeing - blurred vision, seeing double headache
36
what is a possible sign of an impending stroke?
a transient ischemic attack (TIA) its a temporary interruption of blood flow to a part of the brain signs are same as stroke, but last for shorter period -several min to 24 hours- and then disappear
37
what kills more Americans than any other cause of death?
heart attacks
38
three major risk factors associated with coronary heart disease are....
hypercholesterolemia (high serum cholesterol) hypertension cigarette smoking
39
type A behavior pattern
associated with the development of coronary heart disease aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile, often found themselves doing things quickly, overly concerned with numbers, did more than one thing at a time
40
atherosclerosis
clogging of the arteries
41
arteriosclerosis
loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries
42
homocysteine
an amino acid formed during the metabolism of plasma methionine, an amino acid derived from dietary proteins explains the relationship between stress and coronary heart disease
43
Everson found stress to ....
exacerbate the effects of socioeconomic status on carotid artery atherosclerosis
44
McCraty conducted studies of ...
the variability in heart rhythm and concluded that it is modified by the autonomic nervous system and emotional state
45
ulcers
are fissures or cuts in the wall of the stomach, duodenum, or other parts of the intestines. can be caused by aspirin and other non steroidal ant-inflammatory drugs over 15 million American adults have been diagnosed with ulcers
46
peptic ulcers
caused by a bacteria called helicobacter pylori (or H. pylori) which inflames the GI lining and/or stimulates acid production
47
migraine headaches
are a result of constriction and dilation of the carotid arteries of one side of the head last about 6 hours usually in women diet can cause migraines - chocolate, aged cheese and red wine
48
the constriction phase of a migraine headache is called
preattack or prodrome often associated with light or noise sensitivity, irritability, and a flushing or pallor of the skin warning signs: flashing light differing patterns dark spaces occurs 1-2 hours before migraine
49
tension headaches
headaches may be caused by muscle tension accompanying stress can affect forehead, jaw or neck treatment: medication, heat or massage
50
carcinogens
cancer causing agents can be inhaled (like smoke) or by virus
51
t-lymphocytes
part of the immune system that destroys mutant cells
52
what is the second leading cause of death?
cancer
53
cancer prone person is described as...
holding resentment, with inability to forgive using self pity lacking the ability to develop and maintain meaningful interpersonal relationships having poor self image
54
LeShan found cancer patients usually ...
reported a lost relationship prior to diagnosis unable to express hostility in their own defense felt unworthy and disliked themselves had a tense relationship with one or both parents
55
antigen
a foreign substance irritating the body
56
asthma and hay fever are examples of ...
the body's defense against an antigen
57
antibodies
substances produced by the body to fight antigens release histamine which causes tissues to swell, mucous secretion, and air passages in lung to restrict
58
rheumatoid arhritis
inflammation and swelling in various body joints which can be painful and debilitating swelling causes the membrane to enter the joint, which deteriorates the cartilage
59
rheumatoid factor
a blood protein associated with rheumatoid arthritis
60
autoimmune response
a physiological response in which the body turns on itself arthritis is an autoimmune response
61
rheumatoid arhtirtis personality
self-sacrificing, self conscious, shy, inhibited
62
backache affects ____% of people
80
63
TMJ syndrome
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is when something interferes with the smooth operation of the jaw may have facial pain, clicking or popping sounds when open or close mouth, migraine headaches, earaches, ringing in ears, dizziness, sensitive teeth most often between women 20 and 40
64
causes of TMJ syndrome
malocclusion of the teeth, blow to head, gum chewing, nail biting, jaw jutting most common: clenching or grinding of teeth due to stress
65
treatment of TMJ syndrome
wearing an acrylic mouthpiece 24 hrs or while sleeping, using crown and bridges, orthodontia
66
obesity
a body mass index of 30 or higher
67
NPY and its receptor play a role in the growth of what?
human fat cells
68
post traumatic stress disorder
is a condition that develops in people who have experienced or witnessed an extreme psychological or physical event that is interpreted as distressing affects 7.7 million Americans
69
symptoms of PTSD
reliving the event -flashbacks, memories, nightmares avoidance - emotional numbing, lack of interest, less moods arousal - difficult concentrating, trouble sleeping, irritable, anger
70
treatment of PTSD
talk therapy - cognitive behavior therapy, perceive the fear more realistically and less of threat medication - antidepressants such as Zoloft exposure therapy - expose the patient to the event in small doses virtual reality therapy
71
Anderson and Williams investigated the causes of what?
athletic injuries and determined that negative life events were the best predictors of injury
72
Ornstein and Sobel had data linking what?
social world to a decrease in effectiveness of immunological system. ex- bereaved people have immunological systems functioning below par; rats exposed to stress develop larger cancerous tumors than other rats; West Point cadets who develop mononucleosis come disproportionately from families with fathers who were overachievers; and reoccurrence of oral herpes simple are associated with stress and the persons emotional reaction to the disease

Stress Management (10 decks)

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