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Stress Management > Chapter 3 Stress and Illness/Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Stress and Illness/Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Hot reactors

A

people who react to stress with an all-out physiological reaction

tend to suffer from chronic anger or anxiety, which leads to high blood pressure and heart attacks known as hate attacks.

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2
Q

psychosomatic, also known as ____ are ….

A

also known as psychophysiological

conditions that have both a mind and body component

a common cold may be a function of psychological stress which decreases the effectiveness of the immunological system and results in the body being more vulnerable to cold viruses

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3
Q

psychogenic

A

a physical disease caused by emotional stress without a microorganism involved

example - asthma

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4
Q

somatogenic

A

a psychosomatic disease that results from the mind increasing the body’s susceptibility to disease-causing microbes or natural degenerative processes

example - cancer and rheumatoid arthritis

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5
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of the illness-causing and healing effects of the mind on the body

Was named by Robert Ader.

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6
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell whose purpose is to destroy substances foreign to the body

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7
Q

b cells

A

a type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies that travel to the site of invasion and either neutralize the enemy or tag it for attack by other cells and chemicals

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8
Q

phagocytes, T cells, and B cells all share one function …to what?

A

to identify and destroy all substances foreign to the body

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9
Q

Macrophages

A

these are the most important phagocytes

they surround and engulf invading substances while summoning helper T cells.

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10
Q

helper T cells

A

a type of lymphocyte

identify the invader and stimulate the multiplication of killer T cells and B cells.

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11
Q

killer T cells

A

a type of lymphocyte

puncture the membranes of body cells invaded by the foreign substance, thereby killing the cell and substance

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12
Q

suppressor T cells

A

cells that halt the immune response

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13
Q

memory t and b cells

A

cells left in the bloodstream and the lymphatic system to recognize and respond to future attacks to the body by the same invader

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14
Q

Hans Eysenck presents evidence for what kinds of personalities?

A

cancer prone

unassertive, overpatient, avoiding conflicts, and failing to express negative emotions

angry, hostile, aggressive

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15
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

is a condition characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood

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16
Q

cholesterol

A

a waxy, fat like substance that is produced in the body and obtained from foods that come from animals ( egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish and dairy products)

the body needs cholesterol to build cell membranes, make certain hormones, and produce compounds that aid in fat digestion

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17
Q

what happens when you get a buildup of cholesterol?

A

forms clumps (plaque) that narrow and harden the artery walls

as the clumps get bigger, they can clog the arteries and restrict the flow of blood to the heart. The buildup of plaque in coronary arteries causes a form of chest pain called angina, and greatly increases a person’s risk of having a heart attack

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18
Q

how is cholesterol carried?

A

in small packages called lipoproteins. The small packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside

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19
Q

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

sometimes termed bad cholesterol

too much LDL leads to a clogging of arteries and is related to the development of coronary heart disease

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20
Q

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

sometimes termed good cholesterol

HDL carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. the liver helps to remove cholesterol from the body thereby lowering the chances of developing coronary heart disease

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21
Q

Friedman, Rosenman, and Carroll conducted an investigation of the relationship between what two things?

A

stress and serum cholesterol

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22
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

is excessive and damaging pressure of the blood against the walls of the arterial blood vessels.

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23
Q

Blood pressure is measured with a …?

A

sphygmomanometer - an instrument consisting of an inflatable cuff placed around the upper arm and a stethoscope.

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24
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

The cuff cuts off the blood flow in the brachial artery until it is deflated to the point where the blood pressure forces the blood through

-pressure of blood as it leaves the heart

120 mm Hg is normal

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25
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

at the point where the cuff is deflated further and the blood is not impeded at all, another measure is taken.

-pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the heart is relaxed

80 mm Hg is normal

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26
Q

what is considered high blood pressure

A

systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg

diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg is hypertension

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27
Q

blood pressure for elderly

A

140/90

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28
Q

What are the causes for hypertension?

A

excessive sodium (salt) intake - 5,000 mg daily

kidney disease - too narrow an opening in the aorta (main blood vessel through which blood exits the heart)

Cushing’s syndrome (over secretion of cortisol hormones)

obesity

oral contraceptives

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29
Q

essential hypertension

A

hypertension with no known cause

30
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain

31
Q

myocardial infarction

A

when a part of the heart dies because of a lack of oxygen

32
Q

plaque

A

debris that clogs coronary arteries

33
Q

Dr Herbert Benson

A

used meditation to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients

34
Q

Apoplexy

A

also termed stroke

is a lack of oxygen in the brain resulting from blockage or rupture of one of the arteries that supply it.

35
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?

A

trouble walking - stumbling, dizziness, loss of balance, loss of coordination

trouble with speaking - slurred speech or not being able to come up with words to explain something (aphasia)

paralysis or numbness on one side of the body

trouble with seeing - blurred vision, seeing double

headache

36
Q

what is a possible sign of an impending stroke?

A

a transient ischemic attack (TIA)

its a temporary interruption of blood flow to a part of the brain

signs are same as stroke, but last for shorter period -several min to 24 hours- and then disappear

37
Q

what kills more Americans than any other cause of death?

A

heart attacks

38
Q

three major risk factors associated with coronary heart disease are….

A

hypercholesterolemia (high serum cholesterol)

hypertension

cigarette smoking

39
Q

type A behavior pattern

A

associated with the development of coronary heart disease

aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile, often found themselves doing things quickly, overly concerned with numbers, did more than one thing at a time

40
Q

atherosclerosis

A

clogging of the arteries

41
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries

42
Q

homocysteine

A

an amino acid formed during the metabolism of plasma methionine, an amino acid derived from dietary proteins

explains the relationship between stress and coronary heart disease

43
Q

Everson found stress to ….

A

exacerbate the effects of socioeconomic status on carotid artery atherosclerosis

44
Q

McCraty conducted studies of …

A

the variability in heart rhythm and concluded that it is modified by the autonomic nervous system and emotional state

45
Q

ulcers

A

are fissures or cuts in the wall of the stomach, duodenum, or other parts of the intestines.

can be caused by aspirin and other non steroidal ant-inflammatory drugs

over 15 million American adults have been diagnosed with ulcers

46
Q

peptic ulcers

A

caused by a bacteria called helicobacter pylori (or H. pylori) which inflames the GI lining and/or stimulates acid production

47
Q

migraine headaches

A

are a result of constriction and dilation of the carotid arteries of one side of the head

last about 6 hours

usually in women

diet can cause migraines - chocolate, aged cheese and red wine

48
Q

the constriction phase of a migraine headache is called

A

preattack or prodrome

often associated with light or noise sensitivity, irritability, and a flushing or pallor of the skin

warning signs:
flashing light

differing patterns

dark spaces

occurs 1-2 hours before migraine

49
Q

tension headaches

A

headaches may be caused by muscle tension accompanying stress

can affect forehead, jaw or neck

treatment: medication, heat or massage

50
Q

carcinogens

A

cancer causing agents

can be inhaled (like smoke) or by virus

51
Q

t-lymphocytes

A

part of the immune system that destroys mutant cells

52
Q

what is the second leading cause of death?

A

cancer

53
Q

cancer prone person is described as…

A

holding resentment, with inability to forgive

using self pity

lacking the ability to develop and maintain meaningful

interpersonal relationships

having poor self image

54
Q

LeShan found cancer patients usually …

A

reported a lost relationship prior to diagnosis

unable to express hostility in their own defense

felt unworthy and disliked themselves

had a tense relationship with one or both parents

55
Q

antigen

A

a foreign substance irritating the body

56
Q

asthma and hay fever are examples of …

A

the body’s defense against an antigen

57
Q

antibodies

A

substances produced by the body to fight antigens

release histamine which causes tissues to swell, mucous secretion, and air passages in lung to restrict

58
Q

rheumatoid arhritis

A

inflammation and swelling in various body joints which can be painful and debilitating

swelling causes the membrane to enter the joint, which deteriorates the cartilage

59
Q

rheumatoid factor

A

a blood protein associated with rheumatoid arthritis

60
Q

autoimmune response

A

a physiological response in which the body turns on itself

arthritis is an autoimmune response

61
Q

rheumatoid arhtirtis personality

A

self-sacrificing, self conscious, shy, inhibited

62
Q

backache affects ____% of people

A

80

63
Q

TMJ syndrome

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is when something interferes with the smooth operation of the jaw

may have facial pain, clicking or popping sounds when open or close mouth, migraine headaches, earaches, ringing in ears, dizziness, sensitive teeth

most often between women 20 and 40

64
Q

causes of TMJ syndrome

A

malocclusion of the teeth, blow to head, gum chewing, nail biting, jaw jutting

most common: clenching or grinding of teeth due to stress

65
Q

treatment of TMJ syndrome

A

wearing an acrylic mouthpiece 24 hrs or while sleeping, using crown and bridges, orthodontia

66
Q

obesity

A

a body mass index of 30 or higher

67
Q

NPY and its receptor play a role in the growth of what?

A

human fat cells

68
Q

post traumatic stress disorder

A

is a condition that develops in people who have experienced or witnessed an extreme psychological or physical event that is interpreted as distressing

affects 7.7 million Americans

69
Q

symptoms of PTSD

A

reliving the event -flashbacks, memories, nightmares

avoidance - emotional numbing, lack of interest, less moods

arousal - difficult concentrating, trouble sleeping, irritable, anger

70
Q

treatment of PTSD

A

talk therapy - cognitive behavior therapy, perceive the fear more realistically and less of threat

medication - antidepressants such as Zoloft

exposure therapy - expose the patient to the event in small doses

virtual reality therapy

71
Q

Anderson and Williams investigated the causes of what?

A

athletic injuries and determined that negative life events were the best predictors of injury

72
Q

Ornstein and Sobel had data linking what?

A

social world to a decrease in effectiveness of immunological system.

ex- bereaved people have immunological systems functioning below par; rats exposed to stress develop larger cancerous tumors than other rats; West Point cadets who develop mononucleosis come disproportionately from families with fathers who were overachievers; and reoccurrence of oral herpes simple are associated with stress and the persons emotional reaction to the disease

Stress Management (10 decks)

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