Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology

Question 1

process in which the body cells break down molecules of glucose to produce energy for the body

Answer 1

cellular metabolism

Question 2

two types of cellular metabolism

Answer 2

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 3

the breakdown of molecules that produce energy within the cells in the presence of oxygen

Answer 3

aerobic metabolism

Question 4

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Answer 4

glycolysis

Question 5

the breakdown of molecules that produce energy within the cell without the presence of oxygen

Answer 5

anaerobic metabolism

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

adenosine triphosphate

Question 7

lactic acid

Answer 7

pyruvic

Question 8

the delivery of glucose, oxygen, and other substances to the cells and the elimination of waste products from the cells

Answer 8

perfusion

Question 9

vocal chord spasm where the vocal chords spasm and close together, which prevents air from passing through into the trachea

Answer 9

laryngeal spasm

Question 10

a measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs to stretch, distend, and expand

Answer 10

compliance

Question 11

The amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute

Answer 11

Alveolar ventilation

Question 12

cellular hypoxia can occur from:

Answer 12

inadequate tidal volume
ventilatory rate that is too fast
ventilatory rate that is too slow

Question 13

specialized receptors that monitor the pH (hydrogen ions), CO2 and O2 levels in the arterial blood

Answer 13

chemoreceptors

Question 14

there are two groups of chemoreceptors

Answer 14

central and peripheral

Question 15

these receptors are most sensitive to carbon dioxide and changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 15

central chemoreceptors

Question 16

the molecule of carbonic acid consists of:

Answer 16

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen atoms from CO2 and H2O that combined create carbonic acid

Question 17

these receptors are somewhat sensitive to CO2 and pH but are most sensitive to the level of oxygen in the arterial blood.

Answer 17

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 18

hypoxic drive

Answer 18

rate and depth of breathing are regulated by the amount of CO2 in the blood
hypoxia becomes the stimulus for ventilation in place of hypercarbia

Question 19

COPD

Answer 19

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

retain CO2 in aretrial blood as a result of poor gas exchange

Question 20

irritant receptors

Answer 20

found in the airways and are sensitive to irritating gases, aerosols and particles. Irritant receptors will stimulate a cough, bronchoconstriction, and an increased ventilatory rate

Question 21

stretch receptors

Answer 21

found in the smooth muscle of airways and measure the size and volume of the lungs. these receptors stimulate a decrease in the rate and volume of ventilation when stretched by high tidal volumes to protect against overinflation.

Question 22

j-receptors

Answer 22

found in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and are sensitive to increases in pressure in the capillary. when activated, they stimulate rapid shallow ventilation

Question 23

Hypoxemia

Answer 23

Reduced concentrations of oxygen in the blood

Question 24

Protein molecule that has four iron sites for oxygen to bind to

Answer 24

Hemoglobin

Question 25

Hemoglobin with an oxygen molecule bound to it is referred to as:

Answer 25

Oxyhemoglobin

Question 26

Hemoglobin that has no oxygen attached is referred to as:

Answer 26

Deoxyhemoglobin

Question 27

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 minute

Answer 27

Cardiac output

Question 28

Defined as the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction

Answer 28

Stroke volume

Question 29

The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of the diastole

Answer 29

Preload

Question 30

The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome by contraction of the left ventricle to eject the blood

Answer 30

Afterload

Question 31

Diastolic blood pressure

Answer 31

The pressure inside the arteries and the aortic root immediately prior to contraction of the left ventricle

Question 32

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Answer 32

Pulse pressure

Question 33

The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels–the arterioles, capillaries, and venules

Answer 33

Microcirculation