Chapter 10 -Airway Management, Artificial Ventilation, and Oxygenation

Question 1

________, or simply ventilation or breathing, is the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Answer 1

pulmonary ventilation

Question 2

_______ is the gas exchange process that occurs between the alveoli and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries. alveoli/capillary gas exhange

Answer 2

external respirations

Question 3

_______ is the gas exchange process that occurs between the cells and the systemic capillaries. cell/capillary gas exchange

Answer 3

internal respirations

Question 4

________________, AKA aerobic metabolism, occurs in the cell.

Answer 4

cellular respiration and metabolism

Question 5

_____ extends from the nose and mouth to the cricoid cartilage, the most inferior portion of the larynx

Answer 5

the upper airway

Question 6

air is warmed, moistened, and filtered as it flows over the damp, sticky ______ lining in the nose.

Answer 6

mucous membrane

Question 7

the ______ is a common cause of airway obstruction in the patient with an altered mental status.

Answer 7

tongue

Question 8

the anterior portion of the larynx is composed of the large bulky _______, commonly known as the adam’s apple

Answer 8

thyroid cartilage

Question 9

the _____ forms the most inferior portion of the larynx and is the only completely circular cartilaginous ring of the upper airway, found just below the adams apple.

Answer 9

cricoid cartilage

Question 10

upper airway consists of:

Answer 10

naso/oropharynx
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx

Question 11

lower airway consists of:

Answer 11

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs

Question 12

the ______, commonly known as the windpipe, is the passageway for air entering the lungs.

Answer 12

trachea

Question 13

at the inferior portion of the trachea. the location where the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi

Answer 13

carina

Question 14

two major branches of the trachea that extend from the carina into the lungs.

Answer 14

left and right mainstem bronchi

Question 15

the ______ is the innermost covering of the lung.

Answer 15

visceral pleura

Question 16

the ______ is a thicker, more elastic layer that adheres to the inner portion of the chest wall

Answer 16

parietal pleura

Question 17

The tiny area between the two layers of the pleura (the thin covering that protects and cushions the lungs) between the lungs and chest cavity. This space is normally filled with a small amount of fluid.

Answer 17

pleural space

Question 18

the pleural space contains a small amount of ________ that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction when the layers of the pleura rub against each other during breathing.

Answer 18

serous fluid

Question 19

muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. major muscle for breathing. is responsible for 60-70% of the effort of ventilation

Answer 19

diaphragm

Question 20

inhalation is an ______ process because it requires energy to contract the muscles.

Answer 20

active

Question 21

exhalation is a ______ process because the muscles relax and little energy is expended

Answer 21

passive

Question 22

the ______ continuously monitor levels of 02, C02, and pH in the arterial blood and stimulate or decrease in impulses from the respiratory rhythm centers to control the rate and depth of ventilation.

Answer 22

chemoreceptors

Question 23

category of conditions known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which include:

Answer 23

emphysema

chronic bronchitis

Question 24

_____ is the process by which the blood and the cells become saturated in oxygen.

Answer 24

oxygenation

Question 25

_______ is a low oxygen content in arterial blood. typically occurs from a ventilation-perfusion mismatch. not enough O2 or not enough blood flow.

Answer 25

hypoxemia

Question 26

_____ refers to an inadequacy in the amount of oxygen being delivered to the cells.

Answer 26

hypoxia

Question 27

signs of mild to moderate hypoxia

Answer 27

tachypnea (increased RR)
dyspnea (SOB)
pale, cool, clammy
tachycardia (increased HR)
elevation in BP
restless and agitation (from hypoxic brain cells)
disorientation and confusion (high CO2)
H/A

Question 28

signs of severe hypoxia:

Answer 28

tachypnea
dyspnea
cyanosis
tachycardia
severe confusion
loss of coordination
sleepy appearance
head bobbing
slow reaction time
altered mental status
seizure

Question 29

signs of an open airway:

Answer 29

air can be felt and heard moving in and out of the mouth and nose

the Pt is speaking in full sentences or with little difficulty

the sound of the voice is normal for the Pt

Question 30

breathing sound that occurs when the upper airway is partially obstructed by the tongue or by relaxed tissues in the pharynx

Answer 30

snoring

Question 31

breath sound that occurs when the muscles around the larynx spasm and narrow the opening to the trachea.

Answer 31

crowing

Question 32

breath sound that usually indicates the presence of blood, vomitus, secretions, or other liquid in the airway.

Answer 32

gurgling

Question 33

breath sound that is harsh, high-pithched and heard during inspiration. it is a characteristic of a significant upper airway obstruction from swelling in the larynx.

Answer 33

stridor

Question 34

examples of PTs who require head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver:

Answer 34

unresponsive (no spinal trauma)
cardiac arrest (not due to trauma)
not breathing (no signs of trauma)

Question 35

the ______ of air in the lungs between respirations.

Answer 35

residual volume

Question 36

the amount of air breathed in that reaches the alveoli

Answer 36

alveolar ventilation

Question 37

a condition where the Pt is working harder to breathe

Answer 37

respiratory distress

Question 38

ventilation rate for child with a pulse:

Answer 38

once every 3-5sec

Question 39

ventilation rate for adult with a pulse:

Answer 39

once every 5-6sec

Question 40

ventilation rate for newborn infant with a pulse:

Answer 40

once ever 1-1.5sec

Question 41

signs of inadequate breathing:

Answer 41

altered mental status
inadiquate RR
poor chest rise and fall
fatigue from increased work of breathing

Question 42

the indications for CPAP (continueous positive airway pressre) for the Pt in moderate to sever respiratory distress or early respiratory failure, but who is alert and awake enough to obey commands, maintain his own airway, and continue to breathe on his own, include:

Answer 42

congestive heart failure (CHF)

pulmonary edema (fluid around and in the alveoli from a high hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

asthma

pneumonia

Question 43

CPAP is contraindicated in Pts with :

Answer 43

apnea, resp arrest, or agonal resp

GCS

Question 44

FROPVD

Answer 44

flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device

Question 45

a surgical opening in the front of the neck that may be permanent or temporary.

Answer 45

stoma

Question 46

an incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing

Answer 46

tracheostomy

Question 47

a curved hollow tube made of rubber, plastic, or metal that is inserted into the stoma to help hold it open

Answer 47

tracheostomy tube

Question 48

laryngectomy

Answer 48

all or part of the Pt’s larynx has been removed.