Chapter 38 - Pediatrics

Question 1

age range classification:

neonate

Answer 1

0-4 weeks

Question 2

age range classification:

infant

Answer 2

1 mo - 1 year

Question 3

age range classification:

toddler

Answer 3

1-3y/o

Question 4

age range classification:

preschooler

Answer 4

3-6y/o

Question 5

age range classification:

school-age

Answer 5

6-12y/o

Question 6

age range classification:

adolescent

Answer 6

12-18y/o

Question 7

obligate nose breather

Answer 7

breathing through the nose not the mouth

Question 8

newborn:

HR/RR

Answer 8

140 bpm

40/min

Question 9

1-4y/o:

HR/RR

Answer 9

120 bpm

30/min

Question 10

4-12y/o:

HR/RR

Answer 10

100 bpm

20/min

Question 11

> 12 y/o

HR/RR

Answer 11

80 bpm

15/min

Question 12

1-4 week BP:

Answer 12

60 systolic

Question 13

1mo - 1 year BP:

Answer 13

70 systolic

Question 14

1y - 10y BP:

Answer 14

median normal 80 + (2x years in age)

Question 15

infants “soft spot”

Answer 15

fontanelle

Question 16

sunken fontanelle indicates:

Answer 16

dehydration

Question 17

bulging fontanelle indicates:

Answer 17

increased pressure within the skull

Question 18

the anterior fontanelle typically closes between ____ and ____ months

Answer 18

12 and 18

Question 19

the posterior fontanelle typically closes by _____months

Answer 19

2

Question 20

in infants and young children, intercostal muscle retractions will be seen in _______

Answer 20

mild resp distress

Question 21

in infants and young children, substernal, supraclavicular, and sternal retractions would indicate _________

Answer 21

severe resp distress

Question 22

since infections can cause both airway swelling and increased secretions in the airways and lungs, infants typically _______ to try to keep their airways and lungs open

Answer 22

grunt

Question 23

pediatric patients are at a significant risk for the development of acute hypoglycemia because:

1

2

3

4

Answer 23

poor glucose stores

inability to stimulate release of glucose stores from an immature liver

an increased metabolic rate, results in the utilization of large quantities of glucose

a known hist of diabetes

Question 24

the three sides of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT):

Answer 24

appearance

work of breathing

circulation of skin

Question 25

pediatric advanced life support (PALS) pt assessment:

Answer 25

consciousness

breathing

color

Question 26

characteristics to assess under each PAT category:

TICLS

Answer 26

tone (muscle tone/movement)

interactivity and irritability

consolability

look or gaze

speech or cry

Question 27

if a child is sleeping and wakes to stimulus, becomes irritable and shakes, and reverts immediately to sleep when stimulus is removed, you should suspect___________.

Answer 27

poor brain perfusion

Question 28

a high-pitched cry is associated with _______.

Answer 28

brain injury

Question 29

the glassy-eyed look is often seen in __________.

Answer 29

brain injury or infection

Question 30

_______ typically indicaties collapsing bronchioles or fluid-filled alveoli.

Answer 30

grunting

Question 31

______ is indicative of upper airway edema or partial obstruction.

Answer 31

stridor

Question 32

________ or _________ typically indicates swelling of the laryngeal tissue.

Answer 32

muffled speech or hoarseness

Question 33

extreme resp effort that draws the chest inward and forces the abdomen outward

Answer 33

seesaw breathing

Question 34

infants and children should be ventilated at a rate of _______ per minute

Answer 34

20-25

Question 35

inflammation of the larynx and trachea in children, associated with infection and causing breathing difficulties, is accompanied by a low grade fever, and is most common in children between 6mo and 4 years of age. child is typically hoarse, coughs with a harsh “seal bark” and produces stridor with inhalation.

Answer 35

croup

Question 36

caused by a bacterial infection that inflames and causes swelling of the epiglottis

Answer 36

epiglottitis

Question 37

s/s:

pain on swallowing

high fever - “toxic” ill-appearing child

drooling

mouth breathing

changes in voice quality and pain upon speaking

tripod

chin and neck thrust outward

inspiratory stridor

resp distress

Answer 37

epiglottits

Question 38

long-term inflammatory process that targets the lower airways. this inflammation is characterized by increased production of mucus and an acute narrowing or the airways through inflammation of airway tissue, leading to swelling within the airways. produces wheezing heard upon ascultation

Answer 38

asthma

Question 39

caused when the mucosal layer within the bronchioles in the lungs becomes inflamed by a viral infection.

Answer 39

bronchiolitis

Question 40

the presenting symptoms of CHD (congenital heart disease) in the infant or child are:

1

2

OR

3

Answer 40

inadequate pulmonary blood flow resulting in cyanosis and hypoxia

excessive pulmonary blood flow resulting in congestive heart failure, hypoperfusion, and systemic shock

resp distress with or without cyanosis or shock

Question 41

s/s:

unresponsive

gasping or no respiratory sounds

no audible heart sounds

chest that is not moving

pallor or cyanosis

absent pulses

Answer 41

cardiac arrest