Chapter 8: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory

Question 1

The main task is to PROVIDE ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION to medical doctors for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and management of diseases.

Answer 1

Clinical Laboratory

Question 2

It is concerned with the DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT of diseases performed through LABORATORY TESTING OF BLOOD and OTHER BODY FLUIDS.

Answer 2

Clinical Pathology

Question 3

It is concerned with the DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE through microscopic examination of TISSUE AND ORGANS.

Answer 3

Anatomical Pathology

Question 4

It is a clinical laboratory that OPERATES WITHIN the premises or PART AN INSTITUTION such as hospital, school, medical clinic, and so on.

Answer 4

Institution-based

Question 5

It is NOT PART of an established institution.

Answer 5

Free-standing

Question 6

The Clinical Laboratories are OWNED wholly or PARTIALLY by national or local government units.

Answer 6

Government-owned

Question 7

The Clinical Laboratories are OWNED, ESTABLISHED, and OPERATED by an individual, corporation, institution, association, or organization.

Answer 7

Privately-owned

Question 8

Licensed to PERFORM BASIC, routine laboratory testing.

Equipment required but not limited to, microscope, centrifuge, and hematocrit centrifuge. Also, blood typing, gram staining and at least 10 sqm.

Answer 8

Primary Category

Question 9

Licensed to perform the TESTS BEING DONE by the primary category clinical laboratories along with routine clinical chemistry.

if hospital-based, gram stain, KOH mount, and cross-matching, and at least 20 sqm.

Answer 9

Secondary Category

Question 10

Licensed to perform ALL THE LABORATORY test performed in the secondary category laboratory.

Equipment required includes those in the secondary category laboratory along with an automated chemistry analyzer, biosafety cabinet class II, serofuge, and at least 60 sqm.

Answer 10

Tertiary Category

Question 11

Laboratory in a GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL DESIGNATED BY THE DOH to provide special diagnostic functions and services for certain diseases.

Answer 11

National Reference Laboratory

Question 12

An ACT REGULATING and REGULATION and maintenance of clinical laboratories and requiring the registration of the same with the DOH.

Answer 12

Republic Act No. 4688

Question 13

RULES AND REGULATION governing the ESTABLISHMENT, OPERATION, and MAINTENANCE of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines.

Answer 13

Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001

Question 14

This section is intended for the TESTING OF BLOOD and OTHER BODY FLUIDS to quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste products useful for diagnosis of certain diseases.

Answer 14

Clinical Chemistry

Question 15

This section is subdivided into four sections: BACTERIOLOGY, MYCOBACTERIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY, and VIROLOGY.

Answer 15

Microbiology

Question 16

This section deals with the enumeration of CELLS IN THE BLOOD and OTHER BODY FLUIDS.

Answer 16

Hematology and Coagulation Studies

Question 17

There are TWO MAJOR AREAS in this section of the laboratory. The first area is allotted to routine and other SPECIAL EXAMINATION OF URINES such as macroscopic examinations to determine color, transparency, specific gravity l, and pH level, and microscopic examinations

Answer 17

Clinical Microscopy

Question 18

BLOOD TYPNG and COMPATABILITY testing are the two main activities performed in this section.

Answer 18

Blood Bank / Immunohematology

Question 19

Analyses of SERUM ANTIBODIES in certain infectious agents (primarily viral agents) are performed in this section.

Answer 19

Immunology and Serology

Question 20

Specialized sections of the Laboratory that COMBINE ANATOMICAL, CLINICAL, and BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES where antibodies are bounded to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect the presence of antigens in tissue.

Answer 20

Immunohistochemistry

Question 21

Specialized sections of the Laboratory that primarily USING DIFFERENT ENZYMES and OTHER REAGENTS, DNA and RNA are identified and sequenced to detect any pathologic conditions/disease processes.

Answer 21

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Question 22

Laboratory testing;

 Receipt of the laboratory request
 Patient preparation
 Specimen collection
 Proper transport and processing of specimen in the clinical laboratory

Answer 22

Pre-analytic phase

Question 23

Laboratory testing;

It deals with the actual testing of the
submitted/collected specimen.

Answer 23

Analytic phase