Chapter 11: Laboratory Sections Flashcards
Is it any ORGANISMS that lives in or on the body of another organism in order to survive.
Parasite
Any organism that HARBORS a parasite.
Host
It refers to the MANNER of how a parasite SUCCESSFULLY enters a susceptible host. It includes INGESTION, BREASTFEEDING, INSECT BITE OR SEXUAL TRANSMISSION.
Mode of Transmission
These are DISEASE-CAUSING parasites.
Pathogenic Parasites
These are also known as commensal parasites that DO NOT HARM THE HOST.
Non-Pathogenic Parasites
It thrives EXTERNALLY ON HOST.
Examples: Lice and Fleas.
Ectoparasites
The parasite found inside the body of an INFECTED HOST.
It is more problematic and requires special specimen preparation.
Endoparasites
It refers to the increase in EOSINOPHILS COUNTS IN BLOOD associated usually with PARASITISM.
They eventually degrade and are passed in the stool in the form of CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS.
Eosinophilia
It refers to close association between TWO ORGANISMS that is permanent wherein one cannot exist INDEPENDENTLY.
Symbiosis
It refers to MUTUALLY beneficial interactions between members of the SAME OR DIFFERENT SPECIES.
Mutualism
It is only the parasite benefit from the association while the HOST IS UNAFFECTED.
Commensalism
It is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits and the OTHER IS HARMED.
Parasitism
What are the four HOST CLASSIFICATION?
- Definitive Host
- Intermediate Host
- Reservoir Host
- Paratenic Host
It harbors the ADULT AND SEXUAL STAGE.
Definitive Host
It harbors part or all the LARVAL STAGES of the parasites.
Intermediate Host
The other animals harbor the SAME SPECIES AS THAT OF MAN.
Reservoir Host
It is harbors that the parasite in an ARRESTED STATE OF DEVELOPMENT.
Paratenic Host
What are the SOURCE OF INFECTION?
- Air
- Animal (zoonotic)
- One’s self (autoinfection)
- Inanimate objects
What are the PORTALS OF ENTRY?
- Mouth - Ingestion , Intimate oral contact
- o Skin - Active larval penetration, Introduction of the vector.
- Intranasal
- Transmammary
- Transplacental Sexual
What are the PORTALS OF EXIT?
- Stool
- Urine
- Sputum
- Blood
It based on relationship BETWEEN HOST-PARASITE.
- Obligatory
- Facultative
- Intermittent
- Spurious
- Accidental/ incidental
What is the ACCEPTABLE amount of STOOL SPECIMEN?
2 to 5 g
How many MINUTES does LIQUID TOOL required?
30 minutes
How many HOURS does SEMISOLID STOOL required?
1 hour
How many HOURS does FORMED STOOL required?
24 hours
What is the COMMON PROCEDURE in SPECIMEN PROCESSING?
Stool Specimen for Ova & Parasite (O&P)
How many WEEKS does patients taken ANTIBIOTIC or ANTI-MATERIAL MEDICATIONS?
2 weeks after the therapy
How many DAYS does patients taken medications?
5-7 days after completion of therapy
What are the ROUTINE of PARASITOLOGY?
- Macroscopic
- Microscopic
What are MACROSCOPIC gross examination?
- Determine the color and consistency
- Examine the Gross Abnormalities
- Fresh and unpreserved stool.
What are MICROSCOPIC gross examination?
- Direct wet mount
- Mix a small portion of unfixed stool with saline or iodine
- Detection of trophozoite
A.K.A NEMATODES
Roundworms
What are the three basic forms of morphologic?
.Eggs
· Larvae
· Adult
A.K.A ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Giant Intestinal Roundworm
A.K.A ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
Pinworm
A.K.A TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
Whipworm
Types of HOOKWORM
· Necator americanus
· Ancylostoma duodenale
· Ancylostoma braziliense
· Ancylostoma caninum
Type of Hookworm the shape of an adult is S shape.
Necator americanus | New World Hookworm
Type of Hookworm the shape of an adult is the LETTER C.
Ancylostoma duodenale | Old World Hookworm
Type of Hookworm wherein adults have a PAIR OF TEETH and a pair of inconspicuous MEDIAN TEETH
Ancylostoma braziliense | Cat Hookworm
Type of Hookworm wherein adult worm has 3 PAIRS OF VENTRAL TEETH.
Ancylostoma caninum | Dog Hookworm
A.K.A STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
Threadworm
Branch of medicine that studies the effect of disease on the STRUCTURE OF BODY ORGANS grossly & microscopically.
Anatomic Pathology
What are the 2 MAIN DIVISIONS of Anatomic Pathology?
- Histopathology
- Cytology
Who is the FATHER OF HISTOPATHOLOGY?
Johannes Muller
Who is the FOUNDER OF PATHOLOGY?
Marcello Malpighi
Involves examination of intact TISSUE from BIOPSY OR SURGERY under the microscope.
Aided using special techniques and other associated tests.
Histopathology
Specimens from the post-mortem examination are Labeled as “A” for Autopsy.
Autopsy
Specimens from the operating room
Labeled as “S” for Surgical
Biopsy
Preserving the specimen using FIXATIVES.
Fixation
REMOVING WATER from the specimen using Alcohol.
Dehydration
“De-alcoholization”. Removal of excess alcohol in the sample.
Clearing
FILLING UP TISSUE spaces using paraffin wax
Infiltration
PLACING INFILTARED TISSUE in a mold with paraffin wax and allows solidifying.
Embedding & Molding
REMOVING OF EXCESS paraffin wax from the block.
Trimming
Also known as MICROTOMY; A tissue block is cut off into thin sections known as
“RIBBONS” using a MICROTOME.
Sectioning
The process uses HEMATOXYLIN and EOSIN dyes to differentiate cells and cellular components.
Staining
Process of PUTTING COVER SLIP on the stained slide using a mounting medium.
Mounting
SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION/number indicated in the glass slide
Labelling
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES are used to investigate superficial masses or lumps.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
The examination of SINGLE CELLS OR SMALL GROUP OF CELLS from scrapings or aspiration of fluid under the microscope.
Cytology
Types of CYTOPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES wherein PARAFFIN-EMBREDDED specimens are prepared from dried mucus, sputum, and debris found in pleural fluids, pericardial fluid, and other sites.
Cell block
Types of CYTOPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES specifically designed to concentrate cells on a slide in a uniform monolayer using a HIGH-SPEED CENTRIFUGE
Cytospin
USED TO SCREEN CERVICAL CANCER and pre-cancerous changes in the cervix. Also used to detect STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases).
PAPANICOLAU’S SMEAR | Paps smear
Identification of TISSUE CONSTITUENTS such as proteins, and lipopolysaccharides using principles of antibodies binding specific antigens. Used to diagnose abnormal cells such as cancer.
Immunochemistry
Deals with the STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND FUNCTIONS OF BIOMOLECULES that are essential to life.
Molecular Biology
“A TECHNOLOGY BASE ON BIOLOGY.” Use of biological systems found in organisms to make technological advancements to help
improve lives and health. Vaccines and antibiotics
Biotechnology
A branch of immunology, which deals with the uses of IMMUNOLOGIC PRINCIPLES to study and identify the different blood groups
Immunohematology
A separate area in the clinical laboratory hospital WHERE BLOOD IS COLLECTED FROM DONORS Staff also performs the ABO and RH typing, and separates the components to be stored for future use or transfusion.
Blood Bank
A method is done to determine what ANTIBODIES ARE PRESENT in the serum or plasma of an individual by using known red blood cells
Serum typing | indirect, reverse, backward typing
A method is done to determine what ANTIGENS ARE PRESENT on the surface of red blood cells by using commercially prepared antisera of known specificity
Cell typing | direct or forward typing
It considered the second most important blood group after the ABO blood group system Name after the RHESUS MACAQUE MONKEY
RH Blood Group System
Who IDENTIFIED the RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM?
Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner in 1940
The patient’s SERUM IS MIXED with the donor’s red blood cells to find out if a reaction will happen
Major Crossmatch
The patient RED BLOOD CELLS ARE MIXED with the donor serum
Minor Crossmatch
Study of all the aspects of the immune system, including its STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Branch of biomedical science that deals with the response of an organism to ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE and it recognition of what are self and non-self
Immunology
A division of immunology that specializes in the laboratory DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT of antigens and antibodies
Serology
Types of Immunity wherein resistance developed in RESPONSE TO AN STIMULUS BY AN ANTIGEN. (infecting agent or vaccine) and is characterized by the production of antibodies by the host.
Active Immunity
Types of Immunity Immunity wherein conferred by an ANTIBODY PRODUCED IN ANOTHER HOST. It may be acquired naturally or artificially (through an antibody-containing preparation).
Passive Immunity
What are the 5 major classes of IMMUNOGLOBULINS?
IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD.
Is a METHODS OF GIVING ANTIGENS to stimulate the immune response through active immunization.
Vaccination
The CLUMPING TOGETHER of antigen-bearing cells, microorganisms, or particles in the presence of specific antibodies.
Agglutination
The MIDWAY REACTION between AGGLUTINATION and PRECIPITATION.
Fluccolation
Refers to AGGRESSION OF SOLUBLE TEST antigens with soluble antibodies to produce visible insoluble complexes.
Precipitation
Based on competition between particulate and SOLUBLE ANTIGENS for limited antibody
combining sites.
Agglutination Inhibition
Antigen found naturally on PARTICLES.
Direct Agglutination
Bind known ANTIGENS to inert particles to detect antibodies.
Passive Agglutinaton
