Chapter 11: Laboratory Sections Flashcards
1
Q
Is it any ORGANISMS that lives in or on the body of another organism in order to survive.
A
Parasite
2
Q
Any organism that HARBORS a parasite.
A
Host
3
Q
It refers to the MANNER of how a parasite SUCCESSFULLY enters a susceptible host. It includes INGESTION, BREASTFEEDING, INSECT BITE OR SEXUAL TRANSMISSION.
A
Mode of Transmission
4
Q
These are DISEASE-CAUSING parasites.
A
Pathogenic Parasites
5
Q
These are also known as commensal parasites that DO NOT HARM THE HOST.
A
Non-Pathogenic Parasites
6
Q
It thrives EXTERNALLY ON HOST.
Examples: Lice and Fleas.
A
Ectoparasites
7
Q
The parasite found inside the body of an INFECTED HOST.
It is more problematic and requires special specimen preparation.
A
Endoparasites
8
Q
It refers to the increase in EOSINOPHILS COUNTS IN BLOOD associated usually with PARASITISM.
They eventually degrade and are passed in the stool in the form of CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS.
A
Eosinophilia
9
Q
It refers to close association between TWO ORGANISMS that is permanent wherein one cannot exist INDEPENDENTLY.
A
Symbiosis
10
Q
It refers to MUTUALLY beneficial interactions between members of the SAME OR DIFFERENT SPECIES.
A
Mutualism
11
Q
It is only the parasite benefit from the association while the HOST IS UNAFFECTED.
A
Commensalism
12
Q
It is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits and the OTHER IS HARMED.
A
Parasitism
13
Q
What are the four HOST CLASSIFICATION?
A
- Definitive Host
- Intermediate Host
- Reservoir Host
- Paratenic Host
14
Q
It harbors the ADULT AND SEXUAL STAGE.
A
Definitive Host
15
Q
It harbors part or all the LARVAL STAGES of the parasites.
A
Intermediate Host
16
Q
The other animals harbor the SAME SPECIES AS THAT OF MAN.
A
Reservoir Host
17
Q
It is harbors that the parasite in an ARRESTED STATE OF DEVELOPMENT.
A
Paratenic Host
18
Q
What are the SOURCE OF INFECTION?
A
- Air
- Animal (zoonotic)
- One’s self (autoinfection)
- Inanimate objects
19
Q
What are the PORTALS OF ENTRY?
A
- Mouth - Ingestion , Intimate oral contact
- o Skin - Active larval penetration, Introduction of the vector.
- Intranasal
- Transmammary
- Transplacental Sexual
20
Q
What are the PORTALS OF EXIT?
A
- Stool
- Urine
- Sputum
- Blood
21
Q
It based on relationship BETWEEN HOST-PARASITE.
A
- Obligatory
- Facultative
- Intermittent
- Spurious
- Accidental/ incidental
22
Q
What is the ACCEPTABLE amount of STOOL SPECIMEN?
A
2 to 5 g
23
Q
How many MINUTES does LIQUID TOOL required?
A
30 minutes
24
Q
How many HOURS does SEMISOLID STOOL required?
A
1 hour
25
How many HOURS does FORMED STOOL required?
24 hours
26
What is the COMMON PROCEDURE in SPECIMEN PROCESSING?
Stool Specimen for Ova & Parasite (O&P)
27
How many WEEKS does patients taken ANTIBIOTIC or ANTI-MATERIAL MEDICATIONS?
2 weeks after the therapy
28
How many DAYS does patients taken medications?
5-7 days after completion of therapy
29
What are the ROUTINE of PARASITOLOGY?
1. Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
30
What are MACROSCOPIC gross examination?
1. Determine the color and consistency
2. Examine the Gross Abnormalities
3. Fresh and unpreserved stool.
31
What are MICROSCOPIC gross examination?
1. Direct wet mount
2. Mix a small portion of unfixed stool with saline or iodine
3. Detection of trophozoite
32
A.K.A NEMATODES
Roundworms
33
What are the three basic forms of morphologic?
.Eggs
· Larvae
· Adult
34
A.K.A ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Giant Intestinal Roundworm
35
A.K.A ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
Pinworm
36
A.K.A TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
Whipworm
37
Types of HOOKWORM
· Necator americanus
· Ancylostoma duodenale
· Ancylostoma braziliense
· Ancylostoma caninum
38
Type of Hookworm the shape of an adult is S shape.
Necator americanus | New World Hookworm
39
Type of Hookworm the shape of an adult is the LETTER C.
Ancylostoma duodenale | Old World Hookworm
40
Type of Hookworm wherein adults have a PAIR OF TEETH and a pair of inconspicuous MEDIAN TEETH
Ancylostoma braziliense | Cat Hookworm
41
Type of Hookworm wherein adult worm has 3 PAIRS OF VENTRAL TEETH.
Ancylostoma caninum | Dog Hookworm
42
A.K.A STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
Threadworm
43
Branch of medicine that studies the effect of disease on the STRUCTURE OF BODY ORGANS grossly & microscopically.
Anatomic Pathology
44
What are the 2 MAIN DIVISIONS of Anatomic Pathology?
1. Histopathology
2. Cytology
45
Who is the FATHER OF HISTOPATHOLOGY?
Johannes Muller
46
Who is the FOUNDER OF PATHOLOGY?
Marcello Malpighi
47
Involves examination of intact TISSUE from BIOPSY OR SURGERY under the microscope.
Aided using special techniques and other associated tests.
Histopathology
48
Specimens from the post-mortem examination are Labeled as “A” for Autopsy.
Autopsy
49
Specimens from the operating room
Labeled as “S” for Surgical
Biopsy
50
Preserving the specimen using FIXATIVES.
Fixation
51
REMOVING WATER from the specimen using Alcohol.
Dehydration
52
“De-alcoholization”. Removal of excess alcohol in the sample.
Clearing
53
FILLING UP TISSUE spaces using paraffin wax
Infiltration
54
PLACING INFILTARED TISSUE in a mold with paraffin wax and allows solidifying.
Embedding & Molding
55
REMOVING OF EXCESS paraffin wax from the block.
Trimming
56
Also known as MICROTOMY; A tissue block is cut off into thin sections known as
“RIBBONS” using a MICROTOME.
Sectioning
57
The process uses HEMATOXYLIN and EOSIN dyes to differentiate cells and cellular components.
Staining
58
Process of PUTTING COVER SLIP on the stained slide using a mounting medium.
Mounting
59
SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION/number indicated in the glass slide
Labelling
60
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES are used to investigate superficial masses or lumps.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
61
The examination of SINGLE CELLS OR SMALL GROUP OF CELLS from scrapings or aspiration of fluid under the microscope.
Cytology
62
Types of CYTOPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES wherein PARAFFIN-EMBREDDED specimens are prepared from dried mucus, sputum, and debris found in pleural fluids, pericardial fluid, and other sites.
Cell block
63
Types of CYTOPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES specifically designed to concentrate cells on a slide in a uniform monolayer using a HIGH-SPEED CENTRIFUGE
Cytospin
64
USED TO SCREEN CERVICAL CANCER and pre-cancerous changes in the cervix. Also used to detect STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases).
PAPANICOLAU’S SMEAR | Paps smear
65
Identification of TISSUE CONSTITUENTS such as proteins, and lipopolysaccharides using principles of antibodies binding specific antigens. Used to diagnose abnormal cells such as cancer.
Immunochemistry
66
Deals with the STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND FUNCTIONS OF BIOMOLECULES that are essential to life.
Molecular Biology
67
“A TECHNOLOGY BASE ON BIOLOGY.” Use of biological systems found in organisms to make technological advancements to help
improve lives and health. Vaccines and antibiotics
Biotechnology
67
A branch of immunology, which deals with the uses of IMMUNOLOGIC PRINCIPLES to study and identify the different blood groups
Immunohematology
68
A separate area in the clinical laboratory hospital WHERE BLOOD IS COLLECTED FROM DONORS Staff also performs the ABO and RH typing, and separates the components to be stored for future use or transfusion.
Blood Bank
69
A method is done to determine what ANTIBODIES ARE PRESENT in the serum or plasma of an individual by using known red blood cells
Serum typing | indirect, reverse, backward typing
70
A method is done to determine what ANTIGENS ARE PRESENT on the surface of red blood cells by using commercially prepared antisera of known specificity
Cell typing | direct or forward typing
71
It considered the second most important blood group after the ABO blood group system Name after the RHESUS MACAQUE MONKEY
RH Blood Group System
72
Who IDENTIFIED the RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM?
Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner in 1940
73
The patient's SERUM IS MIXED with the donor's red blood cells to find out if a reaction will happen
Major Crossmatch
74
The patient RED BLOOD CELLS ARE MIXED with the donor serum
Minor Crossmatch
75
Study of all the aspects of the immune system, including its STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Branch of biomedical science that deals with the response of an organism to ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE and it recognition of what are self and non-self
Immunology
76
A division of immunology that specializes in the laboratory DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT of antigens and antibodies
Serology
77
Types of Immunity wherein resistance developed in RESPONSE TO AN STIMULUS BY AN ANTIGEN. (infecting agent or vaccine) and is characterized by the production of antibodies by the host.
Active Immunity
78
Types of Immunity Immunity wherein conferred by an ANTIBODY PRODUCED IN ANOTHER HOST. It may be acquired naturally or artificially (through an antibody-containing preparation).
Passive Immunity
79
What are the 5 major classes of IMMUNOGLOBULINS?
IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD.
79
Is a METHODS OF GIVING ANTIGENS to stimulate the immune response through active immunization.
Vaccination
80
The CLUMPING TOGETHER of antigen-bearing cells, microorganisms, or particles in the presence of specific antibodies.
Agglutination
81
The MIDWAY REACTION between AGGLUTINATION and PRECIPITATION.
Fluccolation
81
Refers to AGGRESSION OF SOLUBLE TEST antigens with soluble antibodies to produce visible insoluble complexes.
Precipitation
82
Based on competition between particulate and SOLUBLE ANTIGENS for limited antibody
combining sites.
Agglutination Inhibition
83
Antigen found naturally on PARTICLES.
Direct Agglutination
84
Bind known ANTIGENS to inert particles to detect antibodies.
Passive Agglutinaton
