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PSYC 2285 - Psychopathology > Chapter 8 - Mood > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Mood Flashcards

1
Q

What is mood?

A

-more persistent state of feeling, involves cognitive and emotional aspects of experience

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2
Q

What are mood disorders characterized by?

A

-intense deviations in mood

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3
Q

What is major depressive disorder define as? How long does it have to exist? (3)

A

-either emptiness/sadness or lost of interest
-also 5 of these symptoms: change in appetite, weight, fatigue, bad concentration, suicidal ideation
-has to be present for 2 weeks at a time for most days

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4
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

-inability to experience pleasure

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5
Q

What is mania?

A

-extreme pleasure in every activity, hyperactivity, flight of ideas, goal directed activity, engaging in high risk activities

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6
Q

How do sleep patterns in depressed individuals differ from typical sleep? (3)

A

Depressed individuals experience overall disturbed sleep as well as:
-REM sleep starting sooner after falling asleep.
-More intense REM activity.
-Delayed slow-wave (deep) sleep.

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7
Q

What brain activity patterns are associated with depression?

A

-greater right side activation and less left side

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8
Q

What percent of severe events cause depression?

A

-Severe events cause depression in 20–50% of cases.

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9
Q

What is learned helplessness in depression? What does it lead to? (2)

A

-Feeling of no control over life’s stresses.
-Leads to a sense of hopelessness and pessimism.

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10
Q

What is learned helplessness in mood disorders?

A

-when people become depressed because they feel they have no control over life’s stresses (Seligman).

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11
Q

What is the depressive attributional style?

A

Involves attributing negative events to causes that are:
- internal
- global
- stable

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12
Q

What is Beck’s theory on mood disorders?

A

-suggests that depression arises from interpreting everyday events negatively.

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13
Q

What are cognitive errors in depression?

A

-include arbitrary inference (drawing conclusions without evidence) and overgeneralization (viewing a single event as a pattern).

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14
Q

What is the cognitive triad?

A

-refers to thinking negatively about oneself, the immediate world, and the future.

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15
Q

How is depression associated with pessimistic explanatory style?

A

-Depression is often linked to a pessimistic explanatory style, where negative events are attributed to internal, stable, and global causes.

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16
Q

What is cognitive vulnerability for depression?

A

-refers to the predisposition to view events in a negative way, increasing the risk for depression.

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17
Q

How do marital relations affect mood disorders?

A

-Marital dissatisfaction, high conflict, and low support can lead to depression.

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18
Q

How do marital relationships impact bipolar individuals?

A

-Bipolar individuals are less likely to marry and more likely to divorce if they do marry.

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19
Q

What percentage of people with major depressive and persistent depressive disorders are women?

A

-70%

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20
Q

What are some factors contributing to mood disorders in women?

A

-perceptions of uncontrollability, societal roles, rumination, poverty, single motherhood, and abuse histories.

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21
Q

How does living alone affect the rate of depression?

A

-The rate of depression is 80% higher for those who live alone.

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22
Q

How does social support affect depression?

A

-Lack of social support predicts the onset of depression symptoms, while social support helps with faster recovery from depressive episodes and postpartum depression.

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23
Q

What causes mood disorders according to the integrative theory?

A

-Depression, anxiety, and mania are caused by an interaction of biological vulnerability, psychological vulnerability, stressful life events, hormonal imbalances, and social factors.

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24
Q

What characterizes mood disorders?

A

-gross deviations in mood, such as major depressive episodes or manic states.

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of a major depressive episode?

A

-feelings of worthlessness, indecisiveness, altered sleep, changes in appetite and weight, and notable loss of energy.

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26
Q

How long does a depressed state typically last?

A

-A depressed state may last for at least two weeks.

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27
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

-the inability to experience pleasure, often seen in depression.

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of mania?

A

-Mania includes extreme pleasure in activities, hyperactivity, rapid speech, and flight of ideas, sometimes requiring hospitalization.

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29
Q

What is a hypomanic episode?

A

-less severe than a manic episode and does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.

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30
Q

What is a unipolar mood disorder?

A

-A unipolar mood disorder is when mood remains at one pole of the depression–mania continuum (either depressive or manic).

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31
Q

What is a bipolar mood disorder?

A

-when mood alternates between the depression and elation poles.

32
Q

What are mixed features in mood disorders?

A

-refer to the presence of symptoms from both depressive and manic states occurring at the same time.

33
Q

Should people who have been diagnosed with MDD report feeling mania?

A

-no, MDD is without mania

34
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

A

-characterized by depression that remains relatively unchanged over long periods.

35
Q

What is double depression?

A

-when a person has both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder at the same time.

36
Q

What are specifiers in depressive disorders?

A

-Specifiers are additional symptoms that may or may not accompany a depressive disorder, helping clinicians refine diagnoses.

37
Q

What are some specifiers for depressive disorders? (8)

A

Some specifiers include:
-With psychotic features (hallucinations, delusions)
-With anxious distress
-With mixed features
-With melancholic features
-With atypical features
-With catatonic features
-With peripartum onset
-With seasonal pattern

38
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A

-form of depression with a seasonal pattern, typically during winter.

39
Q

What is the prevalence of depressive disorders?

A

-have a 0.07% prevalence in children and a 3%–6% prevalence in adults. Persistent depressive disorder may last 20–30 years.

40
Q

How does grief relate to depression?

A

-Grieving the death of a loved one can cause depressive symptoms. Integrated grief recurs on significant anniversaries, but grief lasting beyond typical time may be concerning.

41
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

A

-physical symptoms and severe mood swings, but it is not associated with functional impairment.

42
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

-common in children and involves chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, and frequent temper tantrums. It differs from ADHD.

43
Q

What are the three basic types of antidepressant medications?

A

-tricyclics, MAOIs, and SSRIs.

44
Q

What is lithium used for in mood disorder treatment?

A

-Lithium carbonate is a mood-stabilizing drug used to prevent and treat manic episodes. It is effective for 50% of patients

45
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

-controversial treatment that is safe and effective for individuals who do not respond to other treatments.

46
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

-an effective treatment for depression, involving magnetic pulses to stimulate the brain.

47
Q

What is the focus of cognitive therapy in treating depression?

A

-aims to correct cognitive errors in negative thinking and encourages realistic thinking by monitoring and logging thought processes.

48
Q

What is interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?

A

-focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form new interpersonal relationships (negotiation, impasse, resolution stages)

49
Q

How effective is combined treatment for depression?

A

-Combined treatment is generally as effective as separate drug or psychosocial therapies, and in severe depression, a combination of both is particularly effective.

50
Q

What is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

A

-teaches depressed patients to disengage from negative thinking, helping to prevent depressive relapse.

51
Q

What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?

A

-IPSRT is a psychosocial treatment for bipolar disorder that focuses on stabilizing daily rhythms and improving interpersonal relationships.

52
Q

How is CBT used in bipolar disorder treatment?

A

-CBT is effective for bipolar patients with rapid cycling, helping to manage symptoms and improve mood stability.

53
Q

What are the three types of bipolar disorders?

A

-Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, and Cyclothymic disorder.

54
Q

What is the “mixed features” specifier for bipolar disorders? When was it introduced? (2)

A

-specifier refers to a MDD or manic episode that includes symptoms from the opposite polarity (e.g., a depressive episode with some manic symptoms).
-DSM-5.

55
Q

What is rapid-cycling in bipolar disorder? What percent of people does it affect with bipolar disorder? How many of those people are women? (3)

A

-involves moving quickly between depressive and manic episodes, with at least four episodes within a year
-affects 20%–50% of people with bipolar disorder
-60%–90% of those affected are female.

56
Q

What is the average age of onset for bipolar disorders? (2)

A

The average age of onset is:
-Bipolar I disorder: 15–18 years
-Bipolar II disorder: 19–22 years (10%–25% progress to full Bipolar I)

57
Q

What are the characteristics of cyclothymic disorder?

A

-milder and chronic form of bipolar: fluctuations between mild hypomanic and depressive symptoms

58
Q

What is a major consequence of bipolar disorder?

A

-Suicide is a significant risk for individuals with bipolar disorder.

59
Q

What is Bipolar I Disorder?

A

-involves at least one manic episode, which may be followed or preceded by major depressive episodes.

60
Q

What is Bipolar II Disorder?

A

-involves at least one hypomanic episode (less severe than mania) and at least one major depressive episode

61
Q

How many Canadians reported a mood disorder in 2019?

A

-2.9 million

62
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of mood disorders worldwide?

A

-16% lifetime prevalence worldwide.

63
Q

What is the prevalence of mood disorders in the preceding year worldwide?

A

-6% of people worldwide reported a mood disorder in the preceding year.

64
Q

How do prevalence rates of mood disorders in Canada seem to change over time?

A

-seem to be stable over time.

65
Q

How much more likely are women to experience mood disorders compared to men?

A

-Women are twice as likely as men to experience mood disorders.

66
Q

How do mood disorders manifest in children and adolescents?

A
  • Younger children may show mood changes through facial expressions and behavior.
  • Older children and adolescents may exhibit reduced interest in activities and withdrawal
67
Q

What is the prevalence of major depressive episodes in older adults, especially in nursing homes? What is depression in older adults strongly associated with? (2)

A

-occur in 18%–20% of nursing home residents.
-Depression in older adults is strongly associated with race and ethnicity and can contribute to physical disease in seniors.

68
Q

How does depression affect older adults in terms of gender?

A

-affects older adults equally in both men and women.

69
Q

In which type of cultures are mood disorders more prevalent?

A

-more common in individualistic cultures. In Canada, the prevalence is moderate at 8%.

70
Q

How does depression occur among Indigenous Peoples in Canada?

A

-depression is prevalent among Indigenous Peoples in Canada, though specific statistics or influences are not detailed here.

71
Q

What is the connection between creativity and mood disorders?

A

-Creativity is associated with manic episodes. Many poets and writers have bipolar disorder and are suicidal. Genetics may play a role in this connection.

72
Q

How does genetics affect depression?

A

-Depression is 37% heritable. Family members of those with depression are 2-3 times more likely to develop it.

73
Q

How are anxiety and depression related?

A

-Depression, anxiety, and panic are linked genetically.

74
Q

How do neurotransmitters affect mood disorders? (2)

A

-Low serotonin levels are linked to mood swings.
-Chronic stress can lower dopamine, leading to depression-like behavior.

75
Q

How does the endocrine system affect mood disorders?

A

-High cortisol levels can cause depression.

PSYC 2285 - Psychopathology (10 decks)

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