Chapter 8 - Mood Flashcards
What is mood?
-more persistent state of feeling, involves cognitive and emotional aspects of experience
What are mood disorders characterized by?
-intense deviations in mood
What is major depressive disorder define as? How long does it have to exist? (3)
-either emptiness/sadness or lost of interest
-also 5 of these symptoms: change in appetite, weight, fatigue, bad concentration, suicidal ideation
-has to be present for 2 weeks at a time for most days
What is anhedonia?
-inability to experience pleasure
What is mania?
-extreme pleasure in every activity, hyperactivity, flight of ideas, goal directed activity, engaging in high risk activities
How do sleep patterns in depressed individuals differ from typical sleep? (3)
Depressed individuals experience overall disturbed sleep as well as:
-REM sleep starting sooner after falling asleep.
-More intense REM activity.
-Delayed slow-wave (deep) sleep.
What brain activity patterns are associated with depression?
-greater right side activation and less left side
What percent of severe events cause depression?
-Severe events cause depression in 20–50% of cases.
What is learned helplessness in depression? What does it lead to? (2)
-Feeling of no control over life’s stresses.
-Leads to a sense of hopelessness and pessimism.
What is learned helplessness in mood disorders?
-when people become depressed because they feel they have no control over life’s stresses (Seligman).
What is the depressive attributional style?
Involves attributing negative events to causes that are:
- internal
- global
- stable
What is Beck’s theory on mood disorders?
-suggests that depression arises from interpreting everyday events negatively.
What are cognitive errors in depression?
-include arbitrary inference (drawing conclusions without evidence) and overgeneralization (viewing a single event as a pattern).
What is the cognitive triad?
-refers to thinking negatively about oneself, the immediate world, and the future.
How is depression associated with pessimistic explanatory style?
-Depression is often linked to a pessimistic explanatory style, where negative events are attributed to internal, stable, and global causes.
What is cognitive vulnerability for depression?
-refers to the predisposition to view events in a negative way, increasing the risk for depression.
How do marital relations affect mood disorders?
-Marital dissatisfaction, high conflict, and low support can lead to depression.
How do marital relationships impact bipolar individuals?
-Bipolar individuals are less likely to marry and more likely to divorce if they do marry.
What percentage of people with major depressive and persistent depressive disorders are women?
-70%
What are some factors contributing to mood disorders in women?
-perceptions of uncontrollability, societal roles, rumination, poverty, single motherhood, and abuse histories.
How does living alone affect the rate of depression?
-The rate of depression is 80% higher for those who live alone.
How does social support affect depression?
-Lack of social support predicts the onset of depression symptoms, while social support helps with faster recovery from depressive episodes and postpartum depression.
What causes mood disorders according to the integrative theory?
-Depression, anxiety, and mania are caused by an interaction of biological vulnerability, psychological vulnerability, stressful life events, hormonal imbalances, and social factors.
What characterizes mood disorders?
-gross deviations in mood, such as major depressive episodes or manic states.
What are the symptoms of a major depressive episode?
-feelings of worthlessness, indecisiveness, altered sleep, changes in appetite and weight, and notable loss of energy.
How long does a depressed state typically last?
-A depressed state may last for at least two weeks.
What is anhedonia?
-the inability to experience pleasure, often seen in depression.
What are the characteristics of mania?
-Mania includes extreme pleasure in activities, hyperactivity, rapid speech, and flight of ideas, sometimes requiring hospitalization.
What is a hypomanic episode?
-less severe than a manic episode and does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.
What is a unipolar mood disorder?
-A unipolar mood disorder is when mood remains at one pole of the depression–mania continuum (either depressive or manic).
What is a bipolar mood disorder?
-when mood alternates between the depression and elation poles.
What are mixed features in mood disorders?
-refer to the presence of symptoms from both depressive and manic states occurring at the same time.
Should people who have been diagnosed with MDD report feeling mania?
-no, MDD is without mania
What is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?
-characterized by depression that remains relatively unchanged over long periods.
What is double depression?
-when a person has both major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder at the same time.
What are specifiers in depressive disorders?
-Specifiers are additional symptoms that may or may not accompany a depressive disorder, helping clinicians refine diagnoses.
What are some specifiers for depressive disorders? (8)
Some specifiers include:
-With psychotic features (hallucinations, delusions)
-With anxious distress
-With mixed features
-With melancholic features
-With atypical features
-With catatonic features
-With peripartum onset
-With seasonal pattern
What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
-form of depression with a seasonal pattern, typically during winter.
What is the prevalence of depressive disorders?
-have a 0.07% prevalence in children and a 3%–6% prevalence in adults. Persistent depressive disorder may last 20–30 years.
How does grief relate to depression?
-Grieving the death of a loved one can cause depressive symptoms. Integrated grief recurs on significant anniversaries, but grief lasting beyond typical time may be concerning.
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?
-physical symptoms and severe mood swings, but it is not associated with functional impairment.
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
-common in children and involves chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, and frequent temper tantrums. It differs from ADHD.
What are the three basic types of antidepressant medications?
-tricyclics, MAOIs, and SSRIs.
What is lithium used for in mood disorder treatment?
-Lithium carbonate is a mood-stabilizing drug used to prevent and treat manic episodes. It is effective for 50% of patients
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
-controversial treatment that is safe and effective for individuals who do not respond to other treatments.
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
-an effective treatment for depression, involving magnetic pulses to stimulate the brain.
What is the focus of cognitive therapy in treating depression?
-aims to correct cognitive errors in negative thinking and encourages realistic thinking by monitoring and logging thought processes.
What is interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?
-focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form new interpersonal relationships (negotiation, impasse, resolution stages)
How effective is combined treatment for depression?
-Combined treatment is generally as effective as separate drug or psychosocial therapies, and in severe depression, a combination of both is particularly effective.
What is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?
-teaches depressed patients to disengage from negative thinking, helping to prevent depressive relapse.
What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?
-IPSRT is a psychosocial treatment for bipolar disorder that focuses on stabilizing daily rhythms and improving interpersonal relationships.
How is CBT used in bipolar disorder treatment?
-CBT is effective for bipolar patients with rapid cycling, helping to manage symptoms and improve mood stability.
What are the three types of bipolar disorders?
-Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, and Cyclothymic disorder.
What is the “mixed features” specifier for bipolar disorders? When was it introduced? (2)
-specifier refers to a MDD or manic episode that includes symptoms from the opposite polarity (e.g., a depressive episode with some manic symptoms).
-DSM-5.
What is rapid-cycling in bipolar disorder? What percent of people does it affect with bipolar disorder? How many of those people are women? (3)
-involves moving quickly between depressive and manic episodes, with at least four episodes within a year
-affects 20%–50% of people with bipolar disorder
-60%–90% of those affected are female.
What is the average age of onset for bipolar disorders? (2)
The average age of onset is:
-Bipolar I disorder: 15–18 years
-Bipolar II disorder: 19–22 years (10%–25% progress to full Bipolar I)
What are the characteristics of cyclothymic disorder?
-milder and chronic form of bipolar: fluctuations between mild hypomanic and depressive symptoms
What is a major consequence of bipolar disorder?
-Suicide is a significant risk for individuals with bipolar disorder.
What is Bipolar I Disorder?
-involves at least one manic episode, which may be followed or preceded by major depressive episodes.
What is Bipolar II Disorder?
-involves at least one hypomanic episode (less severe than mania) and at least one major depressive episode
How many Canadians reported a mood disorder in 2019?
-2.9 million
What is the lifetime prevalence of mood disorders worldwide?
-16% lifetime prevalence worldwide.
What is the prevalence of mood disorders in the preceding year worldwide?
-6% of people worldwide reported a mood disorder in the preceding year.
How do prevalence rates of mood disorders in Canada seem to change over time?
-seem to be stable over time.
How much more likely are women to experience mood disorders compared to men?
-Women are twice as likely as men to experience mood disorders.
How do mood disorders manifest in children and adolescents?
- Younger children may show mood changes through facial expressions and behavior.
- Older children and adolescents may exhibit reduced interest in activities and withdrawal
What is the prevalence of major depressive episodes in older adults, especially in nursing homes? What is depression in older adults strongly associated with? (2)
-occur in 18%–20% of nursing home residents.
-Depression in older adults is strongly associated with race and ethnicity and can contribute to physical disease in seniors.
How does depression affect older adults in terms of gender?
-affects older adults equally in both men and women.
In which type of cultures are mood disorders more prevalent?
-more common in individualistic cultures. In Canada, the prevalence is moderate at 8%.
How does depression occur among Indigenous Peoples in Canada?
-depression is prevalent among Indigenous Peoples in Canada, though specific statistics or influences are not detailed here.
What is the connection between creativity and mood disorders?
-Creativity is associated with manic episodes. Many poets and writers have bipolar disorder and are suicidal. Genetics may play a role in this connection.
How does genetics affect depression?
-Depression is 37% heritable. Family members of those with depression are 2-3 times more likely to develop it.
How are anxiety and depression related?
-Depression, anxiety, and panic are linked genetically.
How do neurotransmitters affect mood disorders? (2)
-Low serotonin levels are linked to mood swings.
-Chronic stress can lower dopamine, leading to depression-like behavior.
How does the endocrine system affect mood disorders?
-High cortisol levels can cause depression.
