Chapter 5: Anxiety Flashcards
What are the two types of pain attacks in the DSM-5? (2)
-expected (cued) panic attack
-unexpected (uncued) panic attack
What is the difference between anxiety, fear and panic? (3)
Anxiety: future worries
Fear: present concerns
Panic: abrupt experience of intense fear
What is an expected (cued) panic attack? Use an example.
-I am afraid of spiders and saw a spider and so had a panic attack
What is an unexpected (uncued) panic attack?
-when you don’t know what caused the attack
What three biological contributions are associated with anxiey? (3)
-specific brain circuits
-neurotransmitter systems (decreased GABA for example)
-corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
What does the behavioural inhibition system do in simple terms?
-fight/flight system
What are three psychological contributions of anxiety? (3)
-childhood
-personality traits
-conditioned to be overly fearful (more of a behaviouralist view)
What is one social contributions to anxiety?
-stressful life events
What is the triple vulnerability theory which under the integrated model umbrella for anxiety?
-people have vulnerability in three sectors: biological, psychological, and social factors, as well as specific psychological which all contribute to anxiety
What are some specific psychological vulnerabilities for anxiety?
-hypochondriac
Define comorbidity.
-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single person
Does anxiety precede and co-occur with physical disorders?
-yes
What percentage of panic disorder patients attempt suicide? Who is this comparable to? (2)
-20%
-depression
What are the general symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? (3)
-uncontrollable and unproductive worrying about every events
-feeling impending catastrophe (even during good moments)
-inability to stop the worry-anxiety cycles
What are the physical symptoms of a generalized anxiety disorder?
-muscle tension, mental agitation, fatigue
What percent of Canadians meet the criteria for a generalized anxiety disorder?
-3%
What are the four cognitive characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder? (4)
-intolerance of uncertainty
-believing that worry is effective for promoting positive outcomes
-problems in life are seen as threats to avoid, not challenges to face
-cognitive avoidance
What are the two treatments discussed for generalized anxiety disorder? (2)
-drugs such as benzodiazepines and antidepressants
-cognitive-behavioural treatment
Define panic disorder.
-sensation of dying or of losing control, having panic attacks
Define agoraphobia?
-fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available if something goes
What behaviours showcase the development of agoraphobia?
-avoidant behaviours displayed, removing self from situations/activities leading to arousal
What are cultural influences for panic disorder?
-highest in white Americans and lowest in asian americans
What is nocturnal panic?
-panic attacks occur between 1:30 AM - 3:30 AM during delta sleep
When does agoraphobia often develop?
-after a person has unexpected panic attacks
What are three causes for panic disorder? (3)
-genetic vulnerability to stress
-learned alarms
-people with panic disorder develop anxiety over possibility of another panic attack
What are learned alarms?
-certain sensations, thoughts, or situations become triggers for panic or anxiety based on past experiences
What are the medical treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia?
-benzodiazepines, SSRIs and SNRIs
What psychological intervention is used for panic disorder and agoraphobia?
-panic control treatment
Define a specific phobia?
-an irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
What are two treatment methods for specific phobia? (2)
-exposure-based exercise
-VR exposure
What is separation anxiety disorder?
-child’s unrealistic and persistent worry something will happen to parents or other important people
What is social anxiety disorder defined as?
-more than exaggerated shyness, fear of being judged
