Chapter 3: Assessing and Diagnosing psychological disorders Flashcards
Is the DSM-5 a diagnostic tool?
-no it is a catalogue
What are the three ways the value of assessment is determined? (3)
-reliability
-validity
-standardization
What is reliability?
-how consistent a measurement is
What is validity?
-how much does something measure what it is supposed to be measuring
How can you achieve standardization?
-give the test to a bunch of people to see what the average or norm is and give it consistently like say the same things during the survey, this is more of a macro thing where you want to keep it consistent in a macro way, across the board
What is a mental status exam?
-screening tool, quick systematic observation of behaviour where clinicians get enough information to determine presence of a psychological disorder
What are the five categories covered by a mental status exam? (5)
-appearance and behaviour
-thought processes
-mood and affect
-intellectual functioning
-sensorium (oriented x3)
What are the types of clinical interviews?
-unstructured (free association) or semistructured
What might you do following a clinical interview?
-a physical exam to rule out medical issues
What does a behavioural assessment include?
-you directly observed behaviours
What are the ABC’s of observation? (3)
-antecedents (the event that caused something)
-behaviours
-consequences
What are the types of behavioural observation? (3)
-formal
-informal
-self-observation
What is a formal behavioural assessment?
-behaviours are observable and measurable
What is an informal behavioural assessment?
-its based on the observer’s interpretation
What is reactivity during a behavioural assessment?
-when observational data is subject to distortion upon being observed, like if the individual doesn’t act how they usually do because they are being observed
What is psychological testing?
-very broad term, you determine cognitive, emotional or behavioural responses
What are types of psychological testing? (3)
-projective testing
-personality inventories
-intelligence testing
What is projective testing based in and what are examples of it? (2)
-based in psychoanalytic theory, where you give them an ambiguous stimuli and you ask them what they are perceiving
-include the Rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test
What is the thematic apperception test?
-people are shown images of people in different settings and asked to make a story about them
What are examples of the personality inventories? (2)
-Minnesota multiphase personality inventory
-revised psychopathy checklist
What is the point of neuropsychological testing?
-pinpointing the location of brain dysfunction, looking at memory or cognition
What are the two categories of neuroimaging?
-brain structure images (CAT scan, MRI)
-brain function images (fMRI, PET)
What are two psychophysiological assessments? (2)
-electroencephalogram
-electrodermal response
What are the 4 types of purposes for diagnosis? (4)
-classification (normal and abnormal)
-taxonomy
-nosology
-nomenclature
What are the three types of classifications? (3)
-classical categorical approach (you have this and not this, its clear)
-dimensional approach (look at a variety of conditions and quantify them on some type of scale)
-prototypical approach (some essential symptoms and non essential symptoms)
What is labelling?
-categorizing people as individuals with psychological disorders as their totality
What year did the WHO add the mental disorders section to the ICD?
-1948
What year was the first DSM-1 published?
-1952
Tell me about the DSM-II.
-lacked precision and reliability and relied heavily on unproven theories of cause (etiology)
Tell me about the DSM-III and DSM-III-R.
-atheoretical approach to diagnosis and became a tool for clinicians and because of detail and was more reliable and valid (though not much)
Tell me about the DSM-IV.
-made alongside ICD 10 and the distinction between organically based disorders and psychologically based disorders was eliminated
Tell me about the DSM 5.
-three sections and the use of dimensional axes
What are criticisms of the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR? (2)
-comorbidity
-emphasizes reliability, sometimes over validity
