Chapter 3: Assessing and Diagnosing psychological disorders

Question 1

Is the DSM-5 a diagnostic tool?

Answer 1

-no it is a catalogue

Question 2

What are the three ways the value of assessment is determined? (3)

Answer 2

-reliability
-validity
-standardization

Question 3

What is reliability?

Answer 3

-how consistent a measurement is

Question 4

What is validity?

Answer 4

-how much does something measure what it is supposed to be measuring

Question 5

How can you achieve standardization?

Answer 5

-give the test to a bunch of people to see what the average or norm is and give it consistently like say the same things during the survey, this is more of a macro thing where you want to keep it consistent in a macro way, across the board

Question 6

What is a mental status exam?

Answer 6

-screening tool, quick systematic observation of behaviour where clinicians get enough information to determine presence of a psychological disorder

Question 7

What are the five categories covered by a mental status exam? (5)

Answer 7

-appearance and behaviour
-thought processes
-mood and affect
-intellectual functioning
-sensorium (oriented x3)

Question 8

What are the types of clinical interviews?

Answer 8

-unstructured (free association) or semistructured

Question 9

What might you do following a clinical interview?

Answer 9

-a physical exam to rule out medical issues

Question 10

What does a behavioural assessment include?

Answer 10

-you directly observed behaviours

Question 11

What are the ABC’s of observation? (3)

Answer 11

-antecedents (the event that caused something)
-behaviours
-consequences

Question 12

What are the types of behavioural observation? (3)

Answer 12

-formal
-informal
-self-observation

Question 13

What is a formal behavioural assessment?

Answer 13

-behaviours are observable and measurable

Question 14

What is an informal behavioural assessment?

Answer 14

-its based on the observer’s interpretation

Question 15

What is reactivity during a behavioural assessment?

Answer 15

-when observational data is subject to distortion upon being observed, like if the individual doesn’t act how they usually do because they are being observed

Question 16

What is psychological testing?

Answer 16

-very broad term, you determine cognitive, emotional or behavioural responses

Question 17

What are types of psychological testing? (3)

Answer 17

-projective testing
-personality inventories
-intelligence testing

Question 18

What is projective testing based in and what are examples of it? (2)

Answer 18

-based in psychoanalytic theory, where you give them an ambiguous stimuli and you ask them what they are perceiving
-include the Rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test

Question 19

What is the thematic apperception test?

Answer 19

-people are shown images of people in different settings and asked to make a story about them

Question 20

What are examples of the personality inventories? (2)

Answer 20

-Minnesota multiphase personality inventory
-revised psychopathy checklist

Question 21

What is the point of neuropsychological testing?

Answer 21

-pinpointing the location of brain dysfunction, looking at memory or cognition

Question 22

What are the two categories of neuroimaging?

Answer 22

-brain structure images (CAT scan, MRI)
-brain function images (fMRI, PET)

Question 23

What are two psychophysiological assessments? (2)

Answer 23

-electroencephalogram
-electrodermal response

Question 24

What are the 4 types of purposes for diagnosis? (4)

Answer 24

-classification (normal and abnormal)
-taxonomy
-nosology
-nomenclature

Question 25

What are the three types of classifications? (3)

Answer 25

-classical categorical approach (you have this and not this, its clear) -dimensional approach (look at a variety of conditions and quantify them on some type of scale) -prototypical approach (some essential symptoms and non essential symptoms)

Question 26

What is labelling?

Answer 26

-categorizing people as individuals with psychological disorders as their totality

Question 27

What year did the WHO add the mental disorders section to the ICD?

Answer 27

-1948

Question 28

What year was the first DSM-1 published?

Answer 28

-1952

Question 29

Tell me about the DSM-II.

Answer 29

-lacked precision and reliability and relied heavily on unproven theories of cause (etiology)

Question 30

Tell me about the DSM-III and DSM-III-R.

Answer 30

-atheoretical approach to diagnosis and became a tool for clinicians and because of detail and was more reliable and valid (though not much)

Question 31

Tell me about the DSM-IV.

Answer 31

-made alongside ICD 10 and the distinction between organically based disorders and psychologically based disorders was eliminated

Question 32

Tell me about the DSM 5.

Answer 32

-three sections and the use of dimensional axes

Question 33

What are criticisms of the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR? (2)

Answer 33

-comorbidity -emphasizes reliability, sometimes over validity