Chapter 2 - Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Question 1

What is the gene-environment correlation model? (2)

Answer 1

-people may have genetics that cause them to create environmental risk factors
-genetic factors increase their probability of responding negatively to stressful events

Question 2

What is an example of the gene-environment correlation model?

Answer 2

-Type A people (highly competitive, driven perfectionist) are at greater risk for developing cardiovascular problems

Question 3

Breakdown the different parts of the nervous system.

Answer 3

-CNS and PNS
CNS:
-brain and spinal cord
PNS:
-autonomic and somatic
Autonomic:
-sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

Answer 4

-medulla, pons and cerebellum

Question 5

What does the brainstem do?

Answer 5

-primitive part handles essential automatic functions (like your heart beating)

Question 6

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 6

-reticular activating system

Question 7

What is at the top of the brain stem?

Answer 7

-thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system

Question 8

What is a part of the forebrain?

Answer 8

-cerebral cortex, four lobes

Question 9

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 9

-emotions

Question 10

What is the main functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 10

-memory and learning

Question 11

What does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 11

-motor control and activity

Question 12

What percentage of the neuron’s does the cerebral cortex contain?

Answer 12

-more than 80%

Question 13

Describe the four lobes of the brain and where they are. Use your fist.

Answer 13

Frontal: front of fist
Parietal: knuckles
Temporal: thumb
Occipital: back of hand

Question 14

What does the endocrine system produce and what does it work in conjunction with?

Answer 14

-hormones and the ANS

Question 15

What does the HPA axis stand for?

Answer 15

-hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Question 16

What does the HPA axis do and what is it not so good at?

Answer 16

-good at dealing with short term stress but not chronic stress

Question 17

What do agonists do?

Answer 17

-they increase neurotransmitters (positive effect)

Question 18

What do antagonists do?

Answer 18

-they block neurotransmitters (no effect)

Question 19

What do inverse antagonists do?

Answer 19

-they reduce receptor activity (negative effect)

Question 20

What is glutamate?

Answer 20

-most common excitatory NT

Question 21

What is GABA?

Answer 21

-most common inhibitory NT

Question 22

Discuss serotonin (4)

Answer 22

-inhibitory
-monoamine
-six major circuits through the brain
-regulates behaviour, moods and thought processes

Question 23

Discuss norepinephrine (2)

Answer 23

-stimulates receptors
-AKA noradrenaline

Question 24

Discuss dopamine. (3)

Answer 24

-motivation, drive and reward
-monoamine
-implicated in schizophrenia and disorders of addiction

Question 25

What are the two types of social learning? (2)

Answer 25

-modelling
–observational learning

Question 26

What are the two methods of prepared learning? (2)

Answer 26

-selective learning
-learning behaviours that protect us (fear of heights)

Question 27

What ideas that relate to emotion did Charles Darwin come up with?

Answer 27

-fight or flight

Question 28

What ideas did Edward Cannon come up with that relates to emotion?

Answer 28

-fear activates cardiovascular system and served as survival functions

Question 29

Define emotion

Answer 29

-tendency to behave in a certain way elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physiological response

Question 30

What are the four ways emotion disruption (dysregulation) interferes with behaviour which results in what?

Answer 30

-mania, panic, bipolar disorder, and depression

Question 31

Which gender is more likely to suffer MDD?

Answer 31

-women

Question 32

What is the principle of equifinality?

Answer 32

-suggests that there are many different paths or ways to achieve the same outcome. In psychology and systems theory, this principle indicates that individuals or systems can reach the same endpoint (like a specific behavior, condition, or result) through different starting points, experiences, or processes.

Question 33

Define affect

Answer 33

-conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action

Question 34

Define agonist

Answer 34

-increases NT activity

Question 35

Define antagonist

Answer 35

-decreases or blocks the effects of NT

Question 36

Define brain circuit

Answer 36

-neural pathways or NT currents in the brain

Question 37

Define a one-dimensional model.

Answer 37

-attributes cause of behavior to a single cause

Question 38

Define a multidimensional model.

Answer 38

-attributes cause of behavior to several causes

Question 39

What can influence mental health issues in the multidimensional model? (5)

Answer 39

-behavioral (environment)
-biological
-emotional
-social
-developmental

Question 40

What are polygenic trait?

Answer 40

-behaviors influenced by many genes

Question 41

What does the diathesis-stress model explain? What is it like? (2)

Answer 41

-explains how mental health issues often develop as a result of two main factors: a person’s underlying vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful life events.
-like a “loaded gun” scenario: the diathesis (vulnerability) is like having the gun loaded, while the stress is like pulling the trigger.

Question 42

What are criticisms of the diathesis-stress model? (2)

Answer 42

-cannot locate specific genes linked to disorders that would cause this vulnerability (diathesis)
-stressful life events increase risk of depression alone

Question 43

Genes influence our development and behavior, but what is the key to note about gene influence?

Answer 43

-it is polygenic, many genes are involved and contribute tiny effects each especially for psychological disorders