Chapter 2 - Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Flashcards
What is the gene-environment correlation model? (2)
-people may have genetics that cause them to create environmental risk factors
-genetic factors increase their probability of responding negatively to stressful events
What is an example of the gene-environment correlation model?
-Type A people (highly competitive, driven perfectionist) are at greater risk for developing cardiovascular problems
Breakdown the different parts of the nervous system.
-CNS and PNS
CNS:
-brain and spinal cord
PNS:
-autonomic and somatic
Autonomic:
-sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
-medulla, pons and cerebellum
What does the brainstem do?
-primitive part handles essential automatic functions (like your heart beating)
What does the midbrain do?
-reticular activating system
What is at the top of the brain stem?
-thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system
What is a part of the forebrain?
-cerebral cortex, four lobes
What does the amygdala do?
-emotions
What is the main functions of the hippocampus?
-memory and learning
What does the basal ganglia do?
-motor control and activity
What percentage of the neuron’s does the cerebral cortex contain?
-more than 80%
Describe the four lobes of the brain and where they are. Use your fist.
Frontal: front of fist
Parietal: knuckles
Temporal: thumb
Occipital: back of hand
What does the endocrine system produce and what does it work in conjunction with?
-hormones and the ANS
What does the HPA axis stand for?
-hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
What does the HPA axis do and what is it not so good at?
-good at dealing with short term stress but not chronic stress
What do agonists do?
-they increase neurotransmitters (positive effect)
What do antagonists do?
-they block neurotransmitters (no effect)
What do inverse antagonists do?
-they reduce receptor activity (negative effect)
What is glutamate?
-most common excitatory NT
What is GABA?
-most common inhibitory NT
Discuss serotonin (4)
-inhibitory
-monoamine
-six major circuits through the brain
-regulates behaviour, moods and thought processes
Discuss norepinephrine (2)
-stimulates receptors
-AKA noradrenaline
Discuss dopamine. (3)
-motivation, drive and reward
-monoamine
-implicated in schizophrenia and disorders of addiction
What are the two types of social learning? (2)
-modelling
–observational learning
What are the two methods of prepared learning? (2)
-selective learning
-learning behaviours that protect us (fear of heights)
What ideas that relate to emotion did Charles Darwin come up with?
-fight or flight
What ideas did Edward Cannon come up with that relates to emotion?
-fear activates cardiovascular system and served as survival functions
Define emotion
-tendency to behave in a certain way elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physiological response
What are the four ways emotion disruption (dysregulation) interferes with behaviour which results in what?
-mania, panic, bipolar disorder, and depression
Which gender is more likely to suffer MDD?
-women
What is the principle of equifinality?
-suggests that there are many different paths or ways to achieve the same outcome. In psychology and systems theory, this principle indicates that individuals or systems can reach the same endpoint (like a specific behavior, condition, or result) through different starting points, experiences, or processes.
Define affect
-conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action
Define agonist
-increases NT activity
Define antagonist
-decreases or blocks the effects of NT
Define brain circuit
-neural pathways or NT currents in the brain
Define a one-dimensional model.
-attributes cause of behavior to a single cause
Define a multidimensional model.
-attributes cause of behavior to several causes
What can influence mental health issues in the multidimensional model? (5)
-behavioral (environment)
-biological
-emotional
-social
-developmental
What are polygenic trait?
-behaviors influenced by many genes
What does the diathesis-stress model explain? What is it like? (2)
-explains how mental health issues often develop as a result of two main factors: a person’s underlying vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful life events.
-like a “loaded gun” scenario: the diathesis (vulnerability) is like having the gun loaded, while the stress is like pulling the trigger.
What are criticisms of the diathesis-stress model? (2)
-cannot locate specific genes linked to disorders that would cause this vulnerability (diathesis)
-stressful life events increase risk of depression alone
Genes influence our development and behavior, but what is the key to note about gene influence?
-it is polygenic, many genes are involved and contribute tiny effects each especially for psychological disorders
