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PSYC 2285 - Psychopathology > Chapter 12 - Substance Use and Impulse Control > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Substance Use and Impulse Control Flashcards

1
Q

Define substance/psychoactive substance. What are some examples of psychoactive substances? (2)

A

-chemical compounds ingested to alter mood or behavior
-nicotine, alcohol

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2
Q

Define polysubstance use

A

-using multiple substances

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3
Q

What are the levels of involvement in substance use?

A

-use and intoxication

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4
Q

What is “use” as a level of involvement?

A

-morning coffee, drink with a friend

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5
Q

What is substance intoxication?

A

-drunkenness

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6
Q

Define tolerance

A

-greater amount of drug needed to experience the same effect

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7
Q

Define withdrawal

A

-negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested

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8
Q

What are two key signs of physiological dependence?

A

-tolerance and withdrawal

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9
Q

What is psychological dependence in substance use disorder?

A

-Behavioral reactions to substance dependence, such as cravings or habits tied to substance use.

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10
Q

Can substance dependence exist without misuse?

A

-Yes

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11
Q

How can substance use and mental health disorders interact diagnostically?

A

-Substance use may occur alongside other mental health disorders, and mental health issues can lead to substance use disorder.

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12
Q

What is a potential effect of drug intoxication and withdrawal in terms of risk-taking behaviour?

A

-They can increase risk-taking behavior.

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13
Q

What are the five general categories of substances?

A

-Depressants, stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens, and other drugs.

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14
Q

Alcohol acts as a depressant. What changes can this cause in someone?

A

-impaired motor coordination, slower reaction times, and poor judgment.

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter does alcohol primarily influence, and what effects can this cause? (2)

A

-GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter)
-blackouts and release of analgesics.

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16
Q

What are some medical effects of alcohol-related disorders? (2)

A

-Delirium tremens, which include frightening hallucinations and body tremors
-fetal alcohol syndrome, which affects children of mothers who drank during pregnancy.

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17
Q

What percentage of Canadians exceed low-risk guidelines for alcohol consumption?

A

-21% of Canadians.

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18
Q

What are key patterns in alcohol use and abuse, especially in either gender?

A

-Binge drinking is frequent among college students, men drink more than women, and single males are the most likely to be heavy drinkers.

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19
Q

What is the typical progression of alcohol-related disorders?

A

-Fluctuations between heavy drinking and abstinence, worsening over time if untreated, and early drinking predicting future dependence.

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20
Q

What do each do: sedative-, hypnotic-, and anxiolytic?

A

-Sedatives (calming), hypnotics (sleep-inducing), and anxiolytics (anxiety-reducing).

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21
Q

What do barbiturates do, and what risks do they carry?

A

-Relax muscles, pleasant mood, overdose risk is high.

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22
Q

What are benzodiazepines and what risk do they carry?

A

-Calm and induce sleep, but repeated use leads to tolerance and dependence.

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23
Q

What are some statistics on benzodiazepine use in Canada?

A

-Use declined by 6% between 2016–2017, and 12% of Canadians reported using sedatives in 2019

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24
Q

What are the main effects of amphetamines?

A

-“uppers,” reduce appetite and fatigue but lead to a “crash” after use.

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25
Q

Which neurotransmitters does MDMA (“ecstasy”) enhance?

A

-enhances norepinephrine and dopamine activity, potentially causing hallucinations and delusions.

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26
Q

What is cocaine derived from, and what are its effects?

A

-Cocaine comes from coca plant leaves and increases alertness, blood pressure, and insomnia.

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27
Q

What percentage of Canadians smoked in 2017, and how does nicotine affect the body? (2)

A

-15% of Canadians smoked
-nicotine stimulates pleasure pathways, produces dependence, and can link to depression.

28
Q

What are the effects of caffeine, and what does caffeine use disorder involve?

A

-elevates mood, decreases fatigue, and can cause insomnia; caffeine use disorder involves problematic use causing significant impairment and distress.

29
Q

What are opiates, and what effects do they have?

A

-natural chemicals from the opium poppy with narcotic effects, inducing sleep and relieving pain (analgesic).

30
Q

What is the current situation regarding opioid use in Canada?

A

-Canada is facing an opioid crisis, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, with high impact among First Nations adults.

31
Q

What are some risks associated with opioid use?

A

-Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, risks of HIV with intravenous use, and high mortality rates.

32
Q

What are some examples of hallucinogens?

A

-LSD, psilocybin (mushrooms), lysergic acid amide, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mescaline (peyote), and PCP.

33
Q

What perceptual and physical changes are included in the DSM-5-TR criteria for hallucinogen use?

A

-Perceptual changes: intensification of perceptions, depersonalization, and hallucinations.
-Physical symptoms: pupillary dilation, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and blurred vision.

34
Q

What are some effects of cannabis use?

A

-Altered perceptions, mood swings, and impairments in memory, concentration, motivation, self-esteem, and relationships.

35
Q

What is “reverse tolerance” in cannabis use?

A

-enhanced sensitivity to cannabis effects with repeated use.

36
Q

What are some examples of inhalants?

A

-Spray paint, paint thinner, and amyl nitrate.

37
Q

What are anabolic-androgenic steroids used for, and why are they classified as drugs?

A

-They are synthetic substances used to enhance muscle growth but can have harmful side effects and lead to misuse.

38
Q

What are designer drugs?

A

-Synthetic substances created to mimic the effects of existing drugs, often with unpredictable and harmful outcomes.

39
Q

What familial and genetic factors influence substance use disorders?

A

-Genetic vulnerability, the absence of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in some people, and genes like DRD2 and one on chromosome 4 linked to alcohol dependence.

40
Q

How do psychoactive drugs affect the brain’s reward system? What does this lead to? (2)

A

-activate dopaminergic system and opioid-releasing neurons
-leading to dopamine release and sensitization with repeated exposure.

41
Q

What is the role of positive reinforcement in substance use?

A

-Psychoactive drugs provide pleasurable experiences, increasing use and tolerance.

42
Q

What is the opponent-process theory in negative reinforcement?

A

-After experiencing a high, users may face an unpleasant crash, encouraging further use to avoid the negative feelings.

43
Q

What is the expectancy effect in substance use?

A

-People’s expectations about a drug’s effects influence their reactions, and these expectancies evolve with more drug experiences.

44
Q

How do social factors influence substance use?

A

-Exposure through friends and media, lack of parental monitoring in drug-addicted households, and social pressures contribute to use and abuse.

45
Q

How do cultural norms affect substance use?

A

-Cultural norms dictate patterns of use, such as drinking heavily on social occasions, with biological factors sometimes interacting with these norms.

46
Q

What does the integrative model of substance use disorders suggest?

A

-Substance use is influenced by access, exposure, psychological stressors, biological vulnerabilities, and social and cultural expectations.

47
Q

What is Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)?

A

-A treatment aimed at increasing an individual’s motivation to change substance use behavior, effective for those at different readiness stages.

48
Q

What is agonist substitution in biological treatments?

A

-Replacing an addictive drug with a safer drug of similar chemical makeup, such as methadone or buprenorphine, often combined with psychotherapy.

49
Q

Define antagonist treatments. Describe the effect. Give an example (3)

A

Definition: substances that block or counteract the effects of certain drugs.
Example: Naltrexone is an antagonist for opioids and alcohol.
Effect: These treatments can produce immediate withdrawal symptoms because they stop the drug’s effects suddenly, which the body has become dependent on.

50
Q

What is aversive treatment, and what are its challenges? (2)

A

-Using drugs like Antabuse to make substance use unpleasant.
-Noncompliance is a significant challenge.

51
Q

What biological treatments address withdrawal symptoms?

A

-Sedatives to reduce alcohol withdrawal discomfort, and clonidine for opioid withdrawal

52
Q

y

A

y

53
Q

What is the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)?

A

-A 12-step program focusing on abstinence, independence from medical establishments, and mutual support, effective for motivated individuals.

54
Q

What is controlled use in psychosocial treatments?

A

-Allowing regulated substance use as an alternative to abstinence. It is not a cure and is less effective long-term.

55
Q

What techniques are included in component treatments, which are strategies used in therapy to address specific client needs or behaviors? (4)

A

-Covert sensitization
-contingency management
-community reinforcement approaches
-tailoring treatments to client needs.

56
Q

What is the goal of relapse prevention in substance use treatment?

A

-Addressing cognitive and behavioral coping skills, removing ambivalence about stopping use, and challenging beliefs about drug benefits.

57
Q

What is harm reduction in substance use treatment?

A

-Strategies like controlled drinking, safe injection sites (SISs), and prevention through education

58
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of gambling disorder in the U.S.?

A

-Approximately 2% of Americans.

59
Q

What are some serious consequences of gambling disorder?

A

-Job loss, bankruptcy, and arrests.

60
Q

How is gambling disorder similar to substance use disorders?

A
  • It involves tolerance, withdrawal, and urges similar to those seen in substance-related disorders.
61
Q

What are common characteristics of individuals with gambling disorder?

A

-Denial, impulsivity, and continual optimism.

62
Q

What is Internet gambling disorder?

A
  • A subtype of gambling disorder related to excessive gambling via online platforms.
63
Q

What is intermittent explosive disorder?

A

-A condition involving aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property.

64
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder?

A

-7%

65
Q

What is kleptomania?

A

-A recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things, often leading to stigma and legal consequences.

66
Q

What is pyromania?

A

-An irresistible urge to set fires.

67
Q

What is a common treatment approach for impulse control disorders?

A

-Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

PSYC 2285 - Psychopathology (10 decks)

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