Chapter 8: middle childhood, the social world

Question 1

Erikson (industry vs inferiority)

Answer 1

fourth of Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises. characterized by tension between productivity and incompetence. attempt to master culturally valued skills and develop a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent

Question 2

Dealing with stress (resilience)

Answer 2

capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
resilience is dynamic
resilience is a positive adaption to stress
adversity must be significant

Question 3

factors contributing to resilience

Answer 3

child’s interpretation of events
personal strengths such as creativity and intelligence
avoidance of parentification
parentification: when a child acts more like a parent than a child. this may occur if the actual parents do not act as caregivers, making a child feel responsible for the family

Question 3

Stress

Answer 3

a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation
stress accumulates over time
daily hassles can be more detrimental than isolated major stress
homelessness as an example

Question 4

social support

Answer 4

support of family and community
helps to cope with stress and problems that occur

Question 5

family functions

Answer 5

the way a family works to meet the needs of its members
function is more important than structure, but harder to measure
functions of a family
physical necessities (food, clothing, shelter)
encouraging learning
helping them develop self-respect
peer relationships (nurturing friendships)
fostering harmony and stability

Question 6

family structure

Answer 6

culture and family structure, cultural context always matters
family structure, legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home

Question 7

differences in family (Nuclear families)

Answer 7

generally function the best, better educational, social, cognitive, and behavioral child outcomes, parental alliance, positive effects beyond childhood

Question 8

differences in family (adoptive and same-sex parent families)

Answer 8

typically function well, often better than average nuclear families, vary tremendously in ability to meet children’s needs

Question 9

differences in family (stepparent families)

Answer 9

some function well; positive relationships more easily formed with children under 2; more difficult to form. child loyalty to parents often undermined by dispute

Question 10

differences in family (single parent family)

Answer 10

consists of only one parent and his or her children under age 18
more than half of U.S. children will live in a single parent home for at least a year

Question 11

differences in family (extended family)

Answer 11

family consisting of parents, their children, and other relatives living in one household
family type distinction based on who lives in the same household

Question 12

Kohlberg’s levels/theory of morality

Answer 12

Lawrence Kohlberg (1963): described stages of morality that stem from three levels of moral reasoning, with two stages at each level
1. preconventional moral reasoning : emphasizes rewards and punishments
2. conventional moral reasoning: emphasizes social rules
3. postconventional moral reasoning: emphasizing moral principles

Question 13

differences in family (polygamous family)

Answer 13

family consisting of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and his wives
step-sibling role is challenging for many

Question 14

Bullying

Answer 14

repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.
physical (hitting, punching, or kicking)
verbal (teasing, taunting, or name-calling)
relational (destroying peer acceptance and friendship)
cyberbullying (using electronic means to harm another)

Question 15

Bully-victim

Answer 15

someone who attacks ithers and who is attacked as well
also called provocative victim because he or she does things that elicit bullying, such as stealing a bully’s pencil

Question 16

Moral reasoning

Answer 16

determining what is right or wrong, deciding what to do in a certain situation
making moral judgements
differentiating universal principles from conventional norms

Question 17

influences on moral development

Answer 17

peer culture
personal experience
empathy

Question 18

self esteem in middle childhood

Answer 18

attached towards what they accomplish and gain, such as from academics

Question 19

pride in middle childhood

Answer 19

develop a sense of pride within their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life

Question 20

prejudice in middle childhood

Answer 20

negative thoughts and biased thoughts or belief about another individual who belongs to another group

Question 21

social comparison

Answer 21

involves tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers.
cultures and families differ in which attitudes and accomplishments they value. children value the abilities they have and become more realistic.
children who recognize prejudice and react by affirming pride in which gender and background are likely to develop a healthy self esteem.
self concept becomes influenced by opinions of others, materialism an superficial attributes

Question 22

peer groups

Answer 22

a group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests