Chapter 3: The First Two Years; Body and Mind

Question 1

Average weight

Answer 1

birth: 7lbs
24 months: 28lbs

Question 2

Average leangth

Answer 2

birth: 20 inches
24 months: 34 inches

Question 3

Sleep

Answer 3

varies from biology and social environment (adapt to parents sleep schedule)
newborns sleep an average of 15 to 17 hours, segmented pattern
primarily active sleep
high proportion of REM

Question 4

Brain development

Answer 4

heard sparing: brain last part to be damaged by malnutrition
brain structure and growth depend on genes, maturation, and experience
early dendrite growth is called transient exuberance
unused dendrites whither (pruning), allows space for neurons in brain, allows for synapses and intense thinking (sculpting)

Question 5

Sensory development

Answer 5

typically proceeds intellectual and motor development

Question 6

sensation

Answer 6

response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus

Question 7

perception

Answer 7

mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation

Question 8

sense of hearing

Answer 8

develops during the last trimester of pregnancy
most advanced of the newborns senses
speech perception by four months after birth

Question 9

sense of vision

Answer 9

least mature sense at birth
focus between 4 & 30 inches away
prefer faces
binocular vision until 2 and 4 months

Question 10

tasting and smelling

Answer 10

function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world
foods of culture may aid survival
adaption occurs for both of these senses

Question 11

touch

Answer 11

acute in infants
respond to being held, prefer specific touch
may be experience expectant for normal growth

Question 12

pain and temperature

Answer 12

often connected to touch
people assume that the fetus can feel pain
others say the sense of pain does not mature until months or years later

Question 13

reflexes that maintain oxygen supply

Answer 13

breathing reflex
reflexive hiccups and sneezing
thrashing

Question 14

reflexes that maintain constant body temperature

Answer 14

crying
shivering
tucking legs close to body
pushing away blankets when hot

Question 15

reflexes that manage feeding

Answer 15

sucking
rooting
spitting up

Question 16

reflexes not necessary for survival

Answer 16

Babinski reflex
stepping reflex
swimming reflex
palmar grasping reflex
moro reflex

Question 17

gross motor skills

Answer 17

physical movements involving large body movements, walking or jumping
every basic motor skill develops after the first two years of life
sitting unsporting
standing, holding on
crawling, creeping
standing, not holding on
walking well
walking backward
running
jumping up

Question 18

cephalocaudal

Answer 18

head down

Question 19

proximodistal

Answer 19

center out

Question 20

fine motor skills

Answer 20

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially in the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
shaped by culture and opportunity
grasping rattle
reaching to hold object
thumb and finger grasping
stacking two blocks
imitating vertical line

Question 21

SIDs (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

Answer 21

sleeping on belly increases risk for SIDS

Question 22

sensorimotor intelligence (Piaget’s cognitive theory)

Answer 22

Piaget’s term for the way infants think, by using their senses and motor skills during the first period of cognitive development

Question 23

assimilation (Piaget’s cognitive theory)

Answer 23

Piaget’s term for a type of adaption in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate, with new ideas

Question 24

accommodation (Piaget’s cognitive theory)

Answer 24

Piaget’s term for a type of adaption in which the old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate new experiences

Question 25

object permanence (Piaget’s cognitive theory)

Answer 25

the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard

Question 26

primary circular reactions (stages of sensorimotor intelligence)

Answer 26

1. birth to 1 month: reflexes
2. 1-4 months: first acquired adaptions, accommodation and coordination of reflexes

Question 27

secondary circular reactions (stages of sensorimotor intelligence)

Answer 27

3. 4-8 months: making interesting sights last, responding to people and objects
4. 8-12 months: new adaptions and anticipation, becoming more deliberate and purposeful (attempting to get others to react

Question 28

tertiary circular reactions (stages of sensorimotor intelligence)

Answer 28

5. 12-18 months: means through active experimentations, Piaget calls them little scientists
6. 18-24 months: new means through mental combinations: thinking before doing, new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial and error

Question 29

infant cognition: early memory

Answer 29

infantile amnesia: according to classic developmental theory, infants store no memories in their first year
developmentalists now agree that young infants can remember, memory improves monthly
brain is an active organ even in infancy
infants remember not only specific events and objects but also patterns and general goals

Question 30

Listening and responding (Language)

Answer 30

child directed speech (motherese), high pitched, simplified, and repetitive ways adults speak to infants

Question 31

babbling (Language)

Answer 31

extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months
gradual imitation of accents, cadence, constantans, and gestures in the environment

Question 32

first words (Language)

Answer 32

about one year, babies speak few words
spoken vocab increases gradually

Question 33

holophrase

Answer 33

single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought
infants differ in use of various parts of speech depending on the language they are learning (more nouns than verbs)

Question 34

Grammar

Answer 34

naming explosion: once vocabulary reaches about 50 expressed, it builds rapidly at a rate of 50 to 100 words per month
putting words together