Chapter 3: The First Two Years; Body and Mind Flashcards
Average weight
birth: 7lbs
24 months: 28lbs
Average leangth
birth: 20 inches
24 months: 34 inches
Sleep
varies from biology and social environment (adapt to parents sleep schedule)
newborns sleep an average of 15 to 17 hours, segmented pattern
primarily active sleep
high proportion of REM
Brain development
heard sparing: brain last part to be damaged by malnutrition
brain structure and growth depend on genes, maturation, and experience
early dendrite growth is called transient exuberance
unused dendrites whither (pruning), allows space for neurons in brain, allows for synapses and intense thinking (sculpting)
Sensory development
typically proceeds intellectual and motor development
sensation
response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus
perception
mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
sense of hearing
develops during the last trimester of pregnancy
most advanced of the newborns senses
speech perception by four months after birth
sense of vision
least mature sense at birth
focus between 4 & 30 inches away
prefer faces
binocular vision until 2 and 4 months
tasting and smelling
function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world
foods of culture may aid survival
adaption occurs for both of these senses
touch
acute in infants
respond to being held, prefer specific touch
may be experience expectant for normal growth
pain and temperature
often connected to touch
people assume that the fetus can feel pain
others say the sense of pain does not mature until months or years later
reflexes that maintain oxygen supply
breathing reflex
reflexive hiccups and sneezing
thrashing
reflexes that maintain constant body temperature
crying
shivering
tucking legs close to body
pushing away blankets when hot
reflexes that manage feeding
sucking
rooting
spitting up
reflexes not necessary for survival
Babinski reflex
stepping reflex
swimming reflex
palmar grasping reflex
moro reflex
gross motor skills
physical movements involving large body movements, walking or jumping
every basic motor skill develops after the first two years of life
sitting unsporting
standing, holding on
crawling, creeping
standing, not holding on
walking well
walking backward
running
jumping up
cephalocaudal
head down
proximodistal
center out
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially in the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
shaped by culture and opportunity
grasping rattle
reaching to hold object
thumb and finger grasping
stacking two blocks
imitating vertical line
SIDs (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
sleeping on belly increases risk for SIDS
sensorimotor intelligence (Piaget’s cognitive theory)
Piaget’s term for the way infants think, by using their senses and motor skills during the first period of cognitive development
assimilation (Piaget’s cognitive theory)
Piaget’s term for a type of adaption in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate, with new ideas
accommodation (Piaget’s cognitive theory)
Piaget’s term for a type of adaption in which the old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate new experiences
object permanence (Piaget’s cognitive theory)
the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard
primary circular reactions (stages of sensorimotor intelligence)
- birth to 1 month: reflexes
- 1-4 months: first acquired adaptions, accommodation and coordination of reflexes
secondary circular reactions (stages of sensorimotor intelligence)
- 4-8 months: making interesting sights last, responding to people and objects
- 8-12 months: new adaptions and anticipation, becoming more deliberate and purposeful (attempting to get others to react
tertiary circular reactions (stages of sensorimotor intelligence)
- 12-18 months: means through active experimentations, Piaget calls them little scientists
- 18-24 months: new means through mental combinations: thinking before doing, new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial and error
infant cognition: early memory
infantile amnesia: according to classic developmental theory, infants store no memories in their first year
developmentalists now agree that young infants can remember, memory improves monthly
brain is an active organ even in infancy
infants remember not only specific events and objects but also patterns and general goals
Listening and responding (Language)
child directed speech (motherese), high pitched, simplified, and repetitive ways adults speak to infants
babbling (Language)
extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months
gradual imitation of accents, cadence, constantans, and gestures in the environment
first words (Language)
about one year, babies speak few words
spoken vocab increases gradually
holophrase
single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought
infants differ in use of various parts of speech depending on the language they are learning (more nouns than verbs)
Grammar
naming explosion: once vocabulary reaches about 50 expressed, it builds rapidly at a rate of 50 to 100 words per month
putting words together
