Chapter 6: The play years, psychosocial development

Question 1

Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt

Answer 1

Initiative: sense of purpose, from parents, reassuring parents
Guilt: parents make child feel guilt, because of their reactions and what they say

Question 2

self esteem

Answer 2

increases because of early mastery of skills and independence
a person’s evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g., intelligence, attractiveness) or in general

Question 3

self concept

Answer 3

effected by self esteem, gender, size, and other factors (usually positive)
a person’s understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits (e.g. gender, size)

Question 4

protective optimism

Answer 4

preschoolers predict that they an solve impossible puzzles, remember long lists of words, and control their dreams

Question 5

intrinsic motivation

Answer 5

drive, or reason to pursue a goal
comes from the inside of a person
apparent in imaginary friends

Question 6

extrinsic motivation

Answer 6

drive, or reason to pursue a goal
arises from the need to have achievement from outside

Question 7

solitary play

Answer 7

A child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

Question 8

onlooker play

Answer 8

a child watches other children play

Question 9

parallel play

Answer 9

children play with similar toys in similar ways, but not together

Question 10

associative play

Answer 10

children interact, observing each other and sharing material, but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal

Question 11

cooperative play

Answer 11

children play together, creating elaborating a joint activity or taking turns

Question 12

active play

Answer 12

rough and tumble play
mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intention to harm
contains expressions and gestures
particularly common amongst young males
advances children’s social understanding but increases injury
may positively affect prefrontal cortex development

Question 13

general kinds of play

Answer 13

pretend play - solitary
social play - with playmates
most infants play solitary or with parent, toddlers slowly become better playmates, young children play best with peers
changes with age, cohort, and culture
as they grow, play becomes more social, influenced by brain maturation, playmate availability, and physical setting

Question 14

sociodramatic play

Answer 14

allows children to act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
enables them to:
explore and rehearse social roles
test their ability to explain
practice regulating their emotions
develop a self-concept

Question 15

psychoanalytic phallic stage

Answer 15

3-6 years old
Oedipus complex
castration anxiety
super ego
Electra complex
penis envy
identification with same sex parent

Question 16

gender role theory

Answer 16

Behaviorism;
gender differences: product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment, learned through all roles, values, and morals
gender appropriate: rewarded more frequently than gender inappropriate behavior
social learning theory (extension of behaviorism): children notice the way men and women behave and internalize the standards the y observe

Question 17

additional theories of gender development

Answer 17

cognitive theory: offers an alternative explanation for the strong gender identities that becomes apparent at about age 5
gender schema: child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, based on his or her observations and experiences, young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female and then think and behave accordingly
Humanism: hierarchy of needs, children strive for admiration from a group of peers they belong to even more than for the love of their parents
Evolutionary theory: sexual attraction is crucial for basic urge to reproduce, males and females try to look attractive to other sex in gendered ways, young boys and girls practice becoming attractive to the other sex

Question 18

moral development

Answer 18

emotional and social maturation are the foundations for morality
both nature and nurture are always influential, but developmentalists disagree about which is more important for morality
nature perspective: morality is genetic outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation
nurture perspective: culture is crucial to the development of morality

Question 19

prosocial and antisocial development

Answer 19

prosocial behavior: extending helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit to oneself, increases with maturity, empathy
antisocial behavior: deliberately hurting another person, including people who have done no harm; declines with maturity, antipathy

Question 20

types and effects of punishment

Answer 20

Physical punishment: spanking, slapping, and beating
Psychological control: disciplinary technique that involves threating to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
Time-out: disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specific time
Induction: an alternative to physical punishment and psychological control

Question 21

Child maltreatment

Answer 21

Child maltreatment: intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age
Substantial maltreatment: harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified
Reported maltreatment: harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

Question 22

child maltreatment (primary prevention)

Answer 22

focus on macrosystem and ecosystem

Question 23

child maltreatment (secondary prevention)

Answer 23

focus on warning signs and intervention

Question 24

child maltreatment (tertiary prevention)

Answer 24

focus on everything that limits harm after maltreatment has already occurred

Question 25

foster care

Answer 25

when a child is removed from a home and entrusted to another adult/s
require caregivers to provide a safe, nurturing, and stable home

Question 26

kinship care

Answer 26

when a child is removed from a home and entrusted to another adult/s
require caregivers to provide a safe, nurturing, and stable home

Question 27

Adoption

Answer 27

the action or fact of legally taking another’s child and bringing it up as one’s own, or the fact of being adopted