Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards
1
Q
anular ligament
anul-
A
ring
2
Q
arthrology
arth-
A
joint
3
Q
prepatellar bursa
burs-
A
bag, purse
4
Q
glenoid cavity
glen-
A
joint socket
5
Q
glenoidal labrum
labr-
A
lip
6
Q
synovial fluid
ov-
A
egglike
7
Q
suture
sutur-
A
sewing
8
Q
synchondrosis
syn-
A
with, together
9
Q
syndesmosis
syndesm-
A
band, ligament
10
Q
articulation
A
joint, functional junction between bones
11
Q
fibrous joints
A
- held together by dense connective tissue containing many collagenous fibers
- between bones in close contact
- includes three types:
- syndesmosis
- suture
- gomphosis
12
Q
syndesmosis
A
- bones are bound by sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle of connective tissue (interosseous ligament)
- amphiarthrotic; flexible junction allowing bones to twist
- examples: between tibia and fibula or radius and ulna,
13
Q
suture
A
- broad margins of adjacent bones grow together and unite by thin layer of dense connective tissue (sutural ligament)
- immovable (synarthrotic)
- example: only between flat bones of the skull
14
Q
gomphosis
A
- formed by union of a cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket
- immovable (synarthrotic)
- example: teeth fastened to mandible or maxillae by periodontal ligament
15
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
- connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- two types:
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
16
Q
synchondrosis
A
- bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
- many are temporary and disappear during growth
- example: epiphyseal plate, which after growth becomes a synarthrotic synostosis; between manubrium and first rib, united by costal cartilage
17
Q
symphysis
A
- articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage attached to fibrocartilage pad
- limited movement when pad is compressed (amphiarthrotic)
- examples: pubic symphysis that unites hip bones (coxae); vertebrae
18
Q
synovial joints
A
- most joints are synovial and consist of articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
- diarthrotic: allow free movement
- types include:
- ball-and-socket (spheroidal)
- condylar (ellipsoidal)
- plane (gliding)
- hinge
- pivot (trochoid)
- saddle (sellar)
19
Q
articular cartilage
A
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular ends of bones in a synovial joint
- minimizes friction during movement
20
Q
joint capsule
A
- has two distinct layers and holds together bones of a synovial joint
- outer layer is mostly dense connective tissue that connects to periosteum and complete encloses the joint; strengthened by ligaments
- inner layer is synovial membrane
21
Q
ligaments
A
- hold bones of a joint together
- relatively inelastic; tighten when joint is stressed
22
Q
synovial membrane
A
- inner layer of joint capsule; surrounds synovial sac
- only a few cells thick
- secretes synovial fluid
- can also store adipose tissue and form movable fatty pads in joints
- reabsorbs fluid
23
Q
synovial fluid
A
- clear, viscous fluid secreted by synovial membranes
- contains stem cells
- cushions joints
- is used in determining cause of inflammation or degeneration
- supplies articular cartilage with nutrients from blood vessels in synovial membrane
- moistens and lubricates surfaces of joints
24
Q
meniscus
A
- disc of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints that divides the synovial cavity and lies between articular surfaces
- helps distribute body weight on joint surfaces
25
bursa
* fluid-filled sac in some synovial joints with inner lining of synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
* commonly found between skin and bony prominences
* cushion and aid movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or other tendons
* examples: suprapatellar, prepatellar, and infrapatellar bursae
26
ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint
* consists of a bone with a globular or egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone
* allows wider range of movement in all planes and rotational
* examples: hip and shoulder
*
27
condylar (ellipsoidal) joint
* ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone
* allows variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational
* examples: joints between phalanges and metacarpals
28
plane (gliding) joint
* articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
* allow sliding or back-and-forth motion and twisting
* examples: most of the joints in the wrists and ankles, between articular surfaces of vertebrae, sacroiliac joints, and joints of ribs 2-7 with the sternum
29
hinge joint
* convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
* permits movement in one plane only
* examples: elbows, between phalanges
30
pivot (trochoid) joint
* cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in a ring formed of bone and a ligament
* movement limited to rotational
* examples: joint between proximal heads of radius and ulna, between atlas and axis
31
saddle (sellar) joint
* forms between bones whose complementary articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
* permits a variety of movements, mainly in two planes
* example: joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
32
List the 17 types of joint movements.
* flexion
* extension
* hyperextension
* dorsiflexion
* plantar flexion
* abduction
* adduction
* rotation
* circumduction
* supination
* pronation
* eversion
* inversion
* protraction
* retraction
* elevation
* depression
33
flexion
bending parts at a joint so the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending knee)
34
extension
moving parts at a joint so the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening knee)
35
hyperextension
* sometimes used to describe the extension of parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position (bending head backward)
* often used to describe an extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury
36
dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin
37
plantar flexion
movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin
38
abduction
moving a part away from the midline (lifting arm horizontally at right angle with side of body) or from the axial line of the limb (spreading fingers or toes)
39
adduction
moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb
40
rotation
* moving a part around an axis (twisting head)
* medial rotation is turning a limb on its longitudinal axis with anterior surface toward midline
* lateral rotation is the opposite of medial rotation
41
circumduction
moving a part so its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion)
42
supination
* rotation of forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
* supine means body lying face up
43
pronation
* rotation of forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
* prone is body lying face down
44
eversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface face laterally
45
inversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
46
protraction
moving a part forward (thrusting head)
47
retraction
moving a part backward (pulling head backward)
48
elevation
raising a part (shrugging)
49
depression
lowering a part (drooping shoulders)
50
shoulder joint
* ball-and-socket joint consisting of the rounded head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
* protected by coracoid and acromion processes
* glenoid labrum: fibrocartilage ring that deepens glenoid cavity
* loose capsule strengthened by muscles and ligaments
* rotator cuff: tendons of several muscles blend with fibrous layer of shoulder joint capsule; reinforces and supports joint
