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2019 Hole's Human A&P > Chapter 8 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

anular ligament

anul-

A

ring

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2
Q

arthrology

arth-

A

joint

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3
Q

prepatellar bursa

burs-

A

bag, purse

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4
Q

glenoid cavity

glen-

A

joint socket

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5
Q

glenoidal labrum

labr-

A

lip

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6
Q

synovial fluid

ov-

A

egglike

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7
Q

suture

sutur-

A

sewing

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8
Q

synchondrosis

syn-

A

with, together

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9
Q

syndesmosis

syndesm-

A

band, ligament

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10
Q

articulation

A

joint, functional junction between bones

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11
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • held together by dense connective tissue containing many collagenous fibers
  • between bones in close contact
  • includes three types:
    1. syndesmosis
    2. suture
    3. gomphosis
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12
Q

syndesmosis

A
  • bones are bound by sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle of connective tissue (interosseous ligament)
  • amphiarthrotic; flexible junction allowing bones to twist
  • examples: between tibia and fibula or radius and ulna,
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13
Q

suture

A
  • broad margins of adjacent bones grow together and unite by thin layer of dense connective tissue (sutural ligament)
  • immovable (synarthrotic)
  • example: only between flat bones of the skull
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14
Q

gomphosis

A
  • formed by union of a cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket
  • immovable (synarthrotic)
  • example: teeth fastened to mandible or maxillae by periodontal ligament
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15
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
  • two types:
    1. synchondrosis
    2. symphysis
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16
Q

synchondrosis

A
  • bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
  • many are temporary and disappear during growth
  • example: epiphyseal plate, which after growth becomes a synarthrotic synostosis; between manubrium and first rib, united by costal cartilage
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17
Q

symphysis

A
  • articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage attached to fibrocartilage pad
  • limited movement when pad is compressed (amphiarthrotic)
  • examples: pubic symphysis that unites hip bones (coxae); vertebrae
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18
Q

synovial joints

A
  • most joints are synovial and consist of articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
  • diarthrotic: allow free movement
  • types include:
    1. ball-and-socket (spheroidal)
    2. condylar (ellipsoidal)
    3. plane (gliding)
    4. hinge
    5. pivot (trochoid)
    6. saddle (sellar)
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19
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular ends of bones in a synovial joint
  • minimizes friction during movement
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20
Q

joint capsule

A
  • has two distinct layers and holds together bones of a synovial joint
  • outer layer is mostly dense connective tissue that connects to periosteum and complete encloses the joint; strengthened by ligaments
  • inner layer is synovial membrane
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21
Q

ligaments

A
  • hold bones of a joint together
  • relatively inelastic; tighten when joint is stressed
22
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • inner layer of joint capsule; surrounds synovial sac
  • only a few cells thick
  • secretes synovial fluid
  • can also store adipose tissue and form movable fatty pads in joints
  • reabsorbs fluid
23
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • clear, viscous fluid secreted by synovial membranes
  • contains stem cells
  • cushions joints
  • is used in determining cause of inflammation or degeneration
  • supplies articular cartilage with nutrients from blood vessels in synovial membrane
  • moistens and lubricates surfaces of joints
24
Q

meniscus

A
  • disc of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints that divides the synovial cavity and lies between articular surfaces
  • helps distribute body weight on joint surfaces
25
Q

bursa

A
  • fluid-filled sac in some synovial joints with inner lining of synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
  • commonly found between skin and bony prominences
  • cushion and aid movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or other tendons
  • examples: suprapatellar, prepatellar, and infrapatellar bursae
26
Q

ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint

A
  • consists of a bone with a globular or egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone
  • allows wider range of movement in all planes and rotational
  • examples: hip and shoulder
    *
27
Q

condylar (ellipsoidal) joint

A
  • ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone
  • allows variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational
  • examples: joints between phalanges and metacarpals
28
Q

plane (gliding) joint

A
  • articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
  • allow sliding or back-and-forth motion and twisting
  • examples: most of the joints in the wrists and ankles, between articular surfaces of vertebrae, sacroiliac joints, and joints of ribs 2-7 with the sternum
29
Q

hinge joint

A
  • convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
  • permits movement in one plane only
  • examples: elbows, between phalanges
30
Q

pivot (trochoid) joint

A
  • cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in a ring formed of bone and a ligament
  • movement limited to rotational
  • examples: joint between proximal heads of radius and ulna, between atlas and axis
31
Q

saddle (sellar) joint

A
  • forms between bones whose complementary articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
  • permits a variety of movements, mainly in two planes
  • example: joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
32
Q

List the 17 types of joint movements.

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • supination
  • pronation
  • eversion
  • inversion
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • elevation
  • depression
33
Q

flexion

A

bending parts at a joint so the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending knee)

34
Q

extension

A

moving parts at a joint so the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening knee)

35
Q

hyperextension

A
  • sometimes used to describe the extension of parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position (bending head backward)
  • often used to describe an extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury
36
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin

37
Q

plantar flexion

A

movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin

38
Q

abduction

A

moving a part away from the midline (lifting arm horizontally at right angle with side of body) or from the axial line of the limb (spreading fingers or toes)

39
Q

adduction

A

moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb

40
Q

rotation

A
  • moving a part around an axis (twisting head)
  • medial rotation is turning a limb on its longitudinal axis with anterior surface toward midline
  • lateral rotation is the opposite of medial rotation
41
Q

circumduction

A

moving a part so its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion)

42
Q

supination

A
  • rotation of forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
  • supine means body lying face up
43
Q

pronation

A
  • rotation of forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
  • prone is body lying face down
44
Q

eversion

A

turning the foot so the plantar surface face laterally

45
Q

inversion

A

turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially

46
Q

protraction

A

moving a part forward (thrusting head)

47
Q

retraction

A

moving a part backward (pulling head backward)

48
Q

elevation

A

raising a part (shrugging)

49
Q

depression

A

lowering a part (drooping shoulders)

50
Q

shoulder joint

A
  • ball-and-socket joint consisting of the rounded head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • protected by coracoid and acromion processes
  • glenoid labrum: fibrocartilage ring that deepens glenoid cavity
  • loose capsule strengthened by muscles and ligaments
  • rotator cuff: tendons of several muscles blend with fibrous layer of shoulder joint capsule; reinforces and supports joint

2019 Hole's Human A&P (12 decks)

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