Chapter 6 - Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
albinism
alb-
A
white
2
Q
subcutaneous
cut-
A
skin
3
Q
dermis
derm-
A
skin
4
Q
epidermis
epi-
A
upon, after, in addition
5
Q
hair follicle
follic-
A
small bang
6
Q
holocrine gland
hol-
A
entire, whole
7
Q
keratin
kerat-
A
horn
8
Q
melanin
melan-
A
black
9
Q
pore
por-
A
passage, channel
10
Q
sebaceous gland
seb-
A
grease
11
Q
organ
A
structure consisting of two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions
12
Q
What makes up the integumentary system?
A
the skin and its various accessory structures: nails, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, sensory receptors
13
Q
epidermis
A
outer, epithelial layer of the skin
14
Q
Name the five layers of the epidermis.
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale (basal cell layer)
15
Q
Where is the stratum corneum? Describe it.
A
- outermost layer of epidermis
- many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated
16
Q
Where is the stratum lucidum? Describe it.
A
- between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms
- cells appear clear; nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer visible
17
Q
Where is the stratum granulosum? Describe it.
A
- beneath the stratum corneum
- three to five layers of flattened franular cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei
18
Q
Where is the stratum spinosum? Describe it.
A
- beneath the stratum granulosum
- Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei and developing fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened
19
Q
Where is the stratum basale? Describe it.
A
- deepest layer of epidermis
- a single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow; this layer also includes melanocytes
20
Q
dermis
A
the thick layer of the skin beneath the epidermis
21
Q
subcutaneous layer
A
loose connective tissue layer beneath the skin (hypodermis)
22
Q
keratinization
A
process by which cells form fibrils of keratin and harden
23
Q
melanocyte
A
melanin-producing cell
24
Q
melanin
A
dark pigment in skin and hair
25
nail
protective plate at the distal end of a finger or toe
26
hair follicle
tubelike depression in the skin where a hair develops
27
eumelanin
brownish-black pigment that colors hair
28
pheomelanin
reddish-yellow pigment that colors hair
29
sweat gland
exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of water, salt, urea, uric acid, and other bodily wastes
30
eccrine sweat gland
sweat gland that maintains body temperature
31
apocrine sweat gland
* apocrine: type of gland whose secretions have parts of the secretory cells
* found in the groin, armpits, ears, around the nipples, and anywhere we grow hair
* become active at start of puberty
32
sebaceous gland
skin gland that secretes sebum (oil)
33
ceruminous gland
modified sweat glands in the external acoustic meatus that secrete cerumen (earwax)
34
mammary gland
modified sweat glands in the breasts that secrete milk
35
List the four ways the body loses heat.
* radiation
* conduction
* convection
* evaporation
36
What is radiation, and how does it affect body temperature?
* loss of heat as infrared rays
* most body heat is lost through radiation
37
What is conduction, and how does it affect body temperature? Give an example.
* movement of heat into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with the body surface
* walking on a cold floor or touching a window in the winter
38
What is convection, and how does it affect body temperature? Give an example.
* transmission of heat from one substance to another through the circulation of heated air particles
* fans cool people off
39
What is evaporation, and how does it affect body temperature? Give an example.
* changing a liquid to a gas
* as liquid evaporates from the skin's surface, it takes heat with it
* when body temperature rises above the set point, eccrine glands are stimulated to release sweat onto the skin's surface, which then (hopefully) evaporates
40
inflammation
tissue response to stress that includes pain, warmth, redness, and swelling
41
What is a scab made of, and how does it form? What does it do?
* fibrous protein (fibrin), blood cells and platelets, and dried tissue fluid
* fibrin forms from another protein in plasma, and blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibers; tissue fluid seeps into the injury site and dries
* covers and protects underlying tissues
42
What are the three types of burns, and what structures does each affect?
* first-degree (superficial partial-thickness): only epidermis
* second-degree (deep partial-thickness): epidermis and some dermis
* third-degree (full-thickness): epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures
43
What is a blood clot made of, and how is it formed?
* fibrous protein (fibrin), blood cells, and platelets
* fibrin forms from another protein in plasma, and blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibers
44
cadherins
flexible proteins that link the cell membranes of squamous epithelial cells in skin
45
solar erythema
acute sunburn
46
autograft
skin transplant within the same person
47
allograft
skin transplant from person to person
48
How does aging affect the skin?
* epidermis thins: cells become larger and more ireggularly shaped, but fewer
* age spots form: sites of oxidation of fats in the secretory cells of apocrine and eccrine glands; reflect formation of oxygen free radicals
* skin wrinkles and sags: dermis is reduced as synthesis of collagen and elastin slows, and subcutaneous fat is lost
* skin dries: less oil from sebaceous glands
* wound healing is delayed: fewer fibroblasts
* hair whitens and thins: slowed melanin production; hair grows more slowly and becomes thinner and number of follicles decreases
* nails grow more slowly: diminished blood supply
* sensitivity to pain and pressure diminishes: fewer receptors
* temperature regulation fails: fewer sweat glands, less able to shiver, fewer blood vessels
