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2019 Hole's Human A&P > Chapter 6 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

albinism

alb-

A

white

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2
Q

subcutaneous

cut-

A

skin

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3
Q

dermis

derm-

A

skin

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4
Q

epidermis

epi-

A

upon, after, in addition

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5
Q

hair follicle

follic-

A

small bang

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6
Q

holocrine gland

hol-

A

entire, whole

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7
Q

keratin

kerat-

A

horn

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8
Q

melanin

melan-

A

black

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9
Q

pore

por-

A

passage, channel

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10
Q

sebaceous gland

seb-

A

grease

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11
Q

organ

A

structure consisting of two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions

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12
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

the skin and its various accessory structures: nails, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, sensory receptors

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13
Q

epidermis

A

outer, epithelial layer of the skin

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14
Q

Name the five layers of the epidermis.

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale (basal cell layer)
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15
Q

Where is the stratum corneum? Describe it.

A
  • outermost layer of epidermis
  • many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated
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16
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum? Describe it.

A
  • between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms
  • cells appear clear; nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer visible
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17
Q

Where is the stratum granulosum? Describe it.

A
  • beneath the stratum corneum
  • three to five layers of flattened franular cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei
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18
Q

Where is the stratum spinosum? Describe it.

A
  • beneath the stratum granulosum
  • Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei and developing fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened
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19
Q

Where is the stratum basale? Describe it.

A
  • deepest layer of epidermis
  • a single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow; this layer also includes melanocytes
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20
Q

dermis

A

the thick layer of the skin beneath the epidermis

21
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

loose connective tissue layer beneath the skin (hypodermis)

22
Q

keratinization

A

process by which cells form fibrils of keratin and harden

23
Q

melanocyte

A

melanin-producing cell

24
Q

melanin

A

dark pigment in skin and hair

25
Q

nail

A

protective plate at the distal end of a finger or toe

26
Q

hair follicle

A

tubelike depression in the skin where a hair develops

27
Q

eumelanin

A

brownish-black pigment that colors hair

28
Q

pheomelanin

A

reddish-yellow pigment that colors hair

29
Q

sweat gland

A

exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of water, salt, urea, uric acid, and other bodily wastes

30
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A

sweat gland that maintains body temperature

31
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A
  • apocrine: type of gland whose secretions have parts of the secretory cells
  • found in the groin, armpits, ears, around the nipples, and anywhere we grow hair
  • become active at start of puberty
32
Q

sebaceous gland

A

skin gland that secretes sebum (oil)

33
Q

ceruminous gland

A

modified sweat glands in the external acoustic meatus that secrete cerumen (earwax)

34
Q

mammary gland

A

modified sweat glands in the breasts that secrete milk

35
Q

List the four ways the body loses heat.

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
  • evaporation
36
Q

What is radiation, and how does it affect body temperature?

A
  • loss of heat as infrared rays
  • most body heat is lost through radiation
37
Q

What is conduction, and how does it affect body temperature? Give an example.

A
  • movement of heat into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with the body surface
  • walking on a cold floor or touching a window in the winter
38
Q

What is convection, and how does it affect body temperature? Give an example.

A
  • transmission of heat from one substance to another through the circulation of heated air particles
  • fans cool people off
39
Q

What is evaporation, and how does it affect body temperature? Give an example.

A
  • changing a liquid to a gas
  • as liquid evaporates from the skin’s surface, it takes heat with it
  • when body temperature rises above the set point, eccrine glands are stimulated to release sweat onto the skin’s surface, which then (hopefully) evaporates
40
Q

inflammation

A

tissue response to stress that includes pain, warmth, redness, and swelling

41
Q

What is a scab made of, and how does it form? What does it do?

A
  • fibrous protein (fibrin), blood cells and platelets, and dried tissue fluid
  • fibrin forms from another protein in plasma, and blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibers; tissue fluid seeps into the injury site and dries
  • covers and protects underlying tissues
42
Q

What are the three types of burns, and what structures does each affect?

A
  • first-degree (superficial partial-thickness): only epidermis
  • second-degree (deep partial-thickness): epidermis and some dermis
  • third-degree (full-thickness): epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures
43
Q

What is a blood clot made of, and how is it formed?

A
  • fibrous protein (fibrin), blood cells, and platelets
  • fibrin forms from another protein in plasma, and blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibers
44
Q

cadherins

A

flexible proteins that link the cell membranes of squamous epithelial cells in skin

45
Q

solar erythema

A

acute sunburn

46
Q

autograft

A

skin transplant within the same person

47
Q

allograft

A

skin transplant from person to person

48
Q

How does aging affect the skin?

A
  • epidermis thins: cells become larger and more ireggularly shaped, but fewer
  • age spots form: sites of oxidation of fats in the secretory cells of apocrine and eccrine glands; reflect formation of oxygen free radicals
  • skin wrinkles and sags: dermis is reduced as synthesis of collagen and elastin slows, and subcutaneous fat is lost
  • skin dries: less oil from sebaceous glands
  • wound healing is delayed: fewer fibroblasts
  • hair whitens and thins: slowed melanin production; hair grows more slowly and becomes thinner and number of follicles decreases
  • nails grow more slowly: diminished blood supply
  • sensitivity to pain and pressure diminishes: fewer receptors
  • temperature regulation fails: fewer sweat glands, less able to shiver, fewer blood vessels

2019 Hole's Human A&P (12 decks)

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