Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2019 Hole's Human A&P > Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

bio-

A

life (biochemistry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

di-

A

two (disaccharide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

glyc-

A

sweet (glycogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

iso-

A

equal (isotope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lip-

A

fat (lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-lyt

A

dissolvable (electrolyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mono-

A

one (monosaccharide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nucle-

A

kernel (nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

poly-

A

many (polyunsaturated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sacchar-

A

sugar (monosaccharide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

syn-

A

together (synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

-valent

A

having power (covalent bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chemistry

A

branch of science dealing with the composition of substances and how they change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the smallest complete unit of an element?

A

atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

electron

A
  • extremely small subatomic particle with almost no weight
  • carries a negative electrical charge
  • in constant motion around an atomic nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proton

A
  • relatively large subatomic particle
  • carries a positive electrical charge
  • found within an atomic nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neutron

A
  • subatomic particle with about the same weight as a proton
  • uncharged (electrically neutral)
  • found within an atomic nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ion

A

particle that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

molecule

A

particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

element

A

fundamental substance made of atoms that are chemically identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

compound

A

substance composed of two or more chemically bonded elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bulk element

A

basic chemical substance required in abundance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

trace element

A

basic chemical substance needed in small quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ultratrace element

A

basic chemical substance needed in very small quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chemical bond

A

connection between atoms in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

atomic weight

A

number of protons and neutrons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

isotope

A

atom that has the same atomic number as another atom, but a different atomic weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

molecular formula

A

abbreviation for the number of atoms of each element in a compound

(C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ or H₂O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

electron shell

A

the space occupied by an electron or several electrons encircling the nucleus of an atom at a certain energy level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

octet rule

A

atoms react in a way that leaves the outermost electron shell filled with electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

inert

A

nonreactive with other elements (outer electron shell is filled)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

cation

A

atom or molecule carrying a net positive charge because of a deficiency of electrons

35
Q

anion

A

atom or molecule carrying a net negative charge because of one or more extra electrons

36
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond formed between two ions, electrolyte bond

37
Q

covalent bond

A

chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons

38
Q

structural formula

A

representation of the way atoms bond in a molecule

39
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen

40
Q

reactant

A

a chemical that takes part in a chemical reaction, a starting material

41
Q

product

A

the result of a chemical reaction

42
Q

synthesis

A
  • building large molecules by bonding smaller ones
  • process by which chemicals join to form new types of chemicals
43
Q

decomposition

A

the breakdown of molecules

44
Q

exchange reaction

A

chemical reaction in which parts of two types of molecules trade positions

45
Q

reversible reaction

A

chemical reaction in which the products can react, yielding the original reactants

A + B ⇄ AB

46
Q

catalyst

A

chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction

47
Q

electrolyte

A

substance that ionizes in a water solution

48
Q

acid

A

substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions

49
Q

base

A

substance that ionizes in water, releasing hydroxide ions or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions

50
Q

salt

A

compound produced by a reaction between an acid and a base

51
Q

pH scale

A
  • shorthand notation for the hydrogen ion concentration used to indicate the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution
  • values range from 0 to 14, with 0 being acidic, 14 alkaline, and 7 neutral.
52
Q

alkalosis

A

increase in the pH of body fluids above 7.45

53
Q

acidosis

A

decrease in the pH of body fluids below 7.35

54
Q

buffer

A

substance that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base, and thus resist a change in pH

55
Q

organic

A

a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen

56
Q

inorganic

A

chemical that does not include both carbon and hydrogen atoms

57
Q

electrolyte balance

A

when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it

58
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates, and in what ratio? Give examples.

A
  • organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • 1:2:1 ratio, C(H₂O)
  • e.g. sugar, starch, cellulose
59
Q

What are lipids and what are they made of? What does the lipid group include?

A
  • organic compounds
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and often phosphorous
  • includes fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
60
Q

What is protein and what elements does it consist of?

A
  • organic compound composed of bonded amino acid molecules
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulfur
61
Q

What is a monosaccharide and what is its chemical makeup? Name some.

A
  • simple carbohydrate
  • single sugar with 3 to 7 carbon atoms in a straight chain or a ring
  • glucose, dextrose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
62
Q

What is a disaccharide, and what is its chemical makeup? Name some.

A
  • simple carbohydrate
  • double sugar, two 6-carbon units
  • sucrose, lactose, maltose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)
63
Q

What is a polysaccharide, and what is it made of? Give examples.

A
  • complex carbohydrate
  • built of simple carbohydrates
  • cellulose: many bonded glucose molecules
    plant starch: highly branched chains of glucose molecules
64
Q

glycogen

A

polysaccharide that stores glucose in the liver and muscles

65
Q

glycerol

A

organic compound that is a building block for fat molecules

66
Q

fatty acid

A

one of the building blocks of a fat molecule

67
Q

triglyceride

A

three fatty acids on a glycerol molecule

68
Q

phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group on a glycerol molecule

69
Q

steroid

A

four connected rings of carbon atoms

70
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid molecule with as many hydrogen atoms as possible, and thus no double-bonded carbon atoms

71
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid molecule with one or more double-bonded carbon atoms

72
Q

biochemistry

A

branch of chemistry dealing with the chemistry of life forms

73
Q

saturated fat

A

fat molecule that contains only fatty acid molecules with as many hydrogen atoms as possible, and thus no double-bonded carbon atoms

74
Q

unsaturated fat

A

fat molecule that includes one or more unsaturated fatty acids

75
Q

nucleus

A
  1. the dense core of an atom composed of protons and neutrons
  2. cellular organelle enclosed by a double bilayer nuclear envelope and containing DNA
76
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid molecule with two or more double-bonded carbon atoms

77
Q

amino acid

A
  • building block (structural unit) of a protein
  • organic compound that includes an amino group and a carboxyl group
78
Q

enzyme

A

protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction

79
Q

structure levels of proteins

A
  • primary: amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain; sequence is characteristic of a particular protein; peptide bonds
  • secondary: polypeptide forms motif (e.g. alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet) through hydrogen bonds
  • tertiary: formed by hydrogen and covalent bonds primary, secondary and tertiary structures contribute to a protein’s distinct conformation, which determines its function quaternary: when multiple polypeptide chains bond (e.g. hemoglobin)
80
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond that links the amino end of one amino acid to the carboxyl end of another

81
Q

What is a nucleic acid, and what is it made of?

A
  • a molecule composed of bonded nucleotides (RNA and DNA)
  • consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
82
Q

What is a nucleotide and what is it made of?

A

structural unit of a nucleic acid molecule

consists of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

83
Q

What does RNA stand for? What is it made of, and what does it do?

A
  • ribonucleic acid
  • single polynucleotide chain composed of nucleotides with ribose
  • uses instructions from DNA to construct specific protein molecules
84
Q

What does DNA stand for? What is it made of, and what does it do?

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • double polynucleotide chain composed of nucleotides with deoxyribose
  • stores instructions for protein synthesis and replicates itself before cell division

2019 Hole's Human A&P (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions