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2019 Hole's Human A&P > Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

append-

A

to hang something (appendicular)

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2
Q

cere-

A

brain (cerebrum)

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3
Q

cran-

A

helmet (cranial)

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4
Q

dors-

A

back (dorsal)

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5
Q

homeo-

A

same (homeostasis)

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6
Q

-logy

A

the study of (physiology)

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7
Q

meta-

A

change (metabolism)

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8
Q

nas-

A

nose (nasal)

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9
Q

orb-

A

circle (orbital)

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10
Q

pariet-

A

wall (parietal membrane)

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11
Q

pelv-

A

basin (pelvic cavity)

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12
Q

peri-

A

around; (pericardial membrane)

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13
Q

pleur-

A

rib (pleural membrane)

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14
Q

-stasis

A

standing still (homeostasis)

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15
Q

super-

A

above (superior)

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16
Q

-tomy

A

cutting (anatomy)

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17
Q

scientific method

A
  • framework in which to consider ideas and evidence
  • a key part of scientific inquiry
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18
Q

anatomy

A
  • branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts
  • the study of structures, or morphology, of body parts
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19
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of body parts

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20
Q

It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology because …

A

anatomical structures make possible their functions

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21
Q

levels of organization in the human body

A

subatomic particles

⬇︎

atoms

⬇︎

molecules

⬇︎

macromolecules

⬇︎

organelles

⬇︎

cells

⬇︎

tissues

⬇︎

organs

⬇︎

organ systems

⬇︎

organism

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22
Q

subatomic particles

A

parts of an atom

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23
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

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24
Q

molecule

A

particle composed of two or more joined atoms

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25
Q

What is a macromolecule? Give examples.

A
  • very large molecule
  • protein, DNA, RNA, triglycerides
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26
Q

organelle

A

a structure or compartment in cells that houses the biochemical reactions that carry out a specific function

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27
Q

cell

A

basic unit of structure and function in all organisms

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28
Q

tissue

A

assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function

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29
Q

organ

A

structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function

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30
Q

organ system

A

group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function

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31
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

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32
Q

metabolism

A

all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life

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33
Q

requirements of organisms

A
  • water
  • food
  • oxygen
  • heat
  • pressure

(The quantities and qualities of these factors are also important to survival.)

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34
Q

What is the most abundant substance in the body? What is it used for?

A
  • water
  • required for a variety of metabolic processes and provides the environment for most of them
  • transports substances
  • important in regulating body temperature
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35
Q

What is food? What does it supply?

A
  • substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals (nutrients) and water
  • supplies energy and raw materials (via nutrients) for building new living matter
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36
Q

What gas makes up about 1/5 of the air? What is it used for in the body?

A
  • a gas that makes up about 1/5 of the air
  • used to release energy from nutrients that are then used to drive metabolic processes
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37
Q

What is heat and what does it have to do with metabolic reactions?

A
  • form of energy present in external environment and a product of metabolic reactions
  • partly controls rate of metabolic reactions; generally, more heat = faster reactions
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38
Q

What is pressure? Give examples.

A
  • an application of force on an object or substance
  • e.g. atmospheric pressure, the force on land organisms from the weight of the air above them, or hydrostatic pressure, the pressure a liquid exerts
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39
Q

temperature

A

a measure of the amount of heat

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40
Q

homeostasis

A

the body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

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41
Q

internal environment

A

conditions inside the body, but surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid)

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42
Q

What is a homeostatic mechanism? What three components do all such mechanisms share?

A
  • any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body
  • receptors, a control center with a set point and effectors
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43
Q

receptor

A
  • specialized cell or structure that provides information about the environment
  • also, cell surface structures that bind particular molecules (ligands), transmitting a signal to inside the cell
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44
Q

effector

A

muscles or glands that cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

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45
Q

What is negative feedback? Give examples.

A
  • a process that returns conditions to a set value and turns off the response once the correction is made
  • e.g. shivering, sweating
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46
Q

What is positive feedback? Give an example.

A
  • process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
  • e.g. labor contractions
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47
Q

normal range

A

range of values for a particular measurement obtained from a sample of the healthy population

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48
Q

axial portion

A

the head, neck, and trunk

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49
Q

appendicular portion

A

upper and lower limbs

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50
Q

cranial cavity

A

cavity in the axial portion that holds the brain

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51
Q

oral cavity

A

contains the teeth and tongue

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52
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • inside the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum
  • several air-filled sinuses are connected, including the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses
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53
Q

orbital cavities

A

contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

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54
Q

middle ear cavities

A

contain the middle ear bones

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55
Q

vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

A

cavity in the axial portion that contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of backbone (vertebrae)

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56
Q

serous membrane

A

membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body; secretes serous fluid

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57
Q

serous fluid

A

secretion of a serous membrane

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58
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity? What are its walls made of and what lines it?

A
  • separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm and by the mediastinum into right and left compartments that contain the lungs
  • wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
  • lined with pleural membranes
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59
Q

pleural membranes

A
  • serous membranes lining the walls of the right and left compartments of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and the lungs (visceral pleura)
  • membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage
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60
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

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61
Q

mediastinum

A
  • contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
  • region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
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62
Q

pericardial membranes

A

serous membranes that surround the heart

heart

⬇︎

visceral pericardium

⬇︎

serous fluid

⬇︎

parietal pericardium

⬇︎

fibrous pericardium

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63
Q

pericardial cavity

A

potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (filled with serous fluid)

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64
Q

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity, what are its walls made of, and what is it lined with?

A
  • extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor
  • walls are made of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
  • lined with peritoneal membranes: parietal and visceral peritoneum
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65
Q

Where is the abdominal cavity and what viscera does it contain?

A
  • separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
  • contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys and small and large intestines
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66
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity and what viscera does it contain?

A
  • basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones; hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and coxae
  • contains the terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
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67
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

potential space between visceral and parietal peritonea

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68
Q

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

A
  1. integumentary
  2. skeletal
  3. muscular
  4. endocrine
  5. nervous
  6. cardiovascular
  7. digestive
  8. lymphatic
  9. respiratory
  10. urinary
  11. reproductive
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69
Q

What does the integumentary system do, and what does it include?

A
  • protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, and supports sensory receptors
  • includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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70
Q

What does the skeletal system do, and what does it include?

A
  • provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts
  • bones, ligaments, cartilages
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71
Q

What does the muscular system do, and what does it include?

A
  • causes movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
  • muscles
72
Q

What does the nervous system do, and what does it include?

A
  • detects changes, receives and interprets sensory information, and stimulates muscles and glands
  • brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sense organs
73
Q

What does the endocrine system do, and what does it include?

A
  • controls metabolic activities of body structures
  • glands that secret hormones: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
74
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do, and what does it include?

A
  • moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body
  • heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
75
Q

What does the lymphatic system do, and what does it include?

A
  • returns tissue fluid to the blood, carries certain absorbed food molecules, and defends the body against infection
  • lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
76
Q

What does the digestive system do, and what does it include?

A
  • receives, breaks down, and absorbs food and eliminates unabsorbed material
  • mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines
77
Q

What does the respiratory system do, and what does it include?

A
  • intake and output of air and exchange of gases between air and blood
  • nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
78
Q

What does the urinary system do, and what does it include?

A
  • removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and stores and transports urine
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
79
Q

What does the male reproductive system do, and what does it include?

A
  • produces and maintains sperm cells and transfers sperm cells into female reproductive tract
  • scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glad, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis
80
Q

What does the female reproductive system do, and what does it include?

A
  • produces and maintains egg cells, receives sperm cells, supports development of an embryo, and functions in birth process
  • ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
81
Q

aging

A

changes in the body with the passage of time

82
Q

anatomical position

A

standing erect, facing forward, with upper limbs at sides and palms forward

83
Q

superior

A

a part above another part

84
Q

inferior

A

a part below another part

85
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front

86
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back

87
Q

medial

A

closer to the midline than another part

88
Q

lateral

A

toward the side, farther from the midline than another part

89
Q

bilateral

A

paired structures, one on each side

90
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

91
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides

92
Q

proximal

A

closer to a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)

93
Q

distal

A

farther from a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)

94
Q

superficial

A

near the surface

95
Q

deep

A

more internal

96
Q

sagittal

A

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

97
Q

midsagittal

A

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions, along the midline

98
Q

transverse (horizontal)

A

refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

99
Q

cross section

A

a cut across a cylindrical organ

100
Q

oblique section

A

an angular cut across a cylindrical organ

101
Q

longitudinal section

A

a lengthwise cut in a cylindrical organ

102
Q

body regions

A
  • epigastric region: upper middle
  • left and right hypochondriac regions: upper sides
  • umbilical region: middle
  • left and right lumbar regions: middle sides
  • hypogastric region: lower middle
  • left and right iliac regions: lower sides
103
Q

abdominal quadrants

A

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

104
Q

abdominal region

A

between the thorax and pelvis

105
Q

acromial

A

point of the shoulder

106
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

107
Q

antecubital

A

space in front of the elbow

108
Q

axillary

A

armpit

109
Q

brachial

A

arm

110
Q

buccal

A

cheek

111
Q

carpal

A

wrist

112
Q

celiac

A

abdomen

113
Q

cephalic

A

head

114
Q

cervical

A

neck

115
Q

costal

A

ribs

116
Q

coxal

A

hip

117
Q

crural

A

leg

118
Q

cubital

A

elbow

119
Q

digital

A

finger or toe

120
Q

dorsum

A

back

121
Q

femoral

A

thigh

122
Q

frontal

A

forehead

123
Q

genital

A

reproductive organs

124
Q

gluteal

A

buttocks

125
Q

inguinal

A

groin: depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh

126
Q

lumbar

A

region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis (loin)

127
Q

mammary

A

breast

128
Q

mental

A

chin

129
Q

nasal

A

nose

130
Q

occipital

A

lower posterior region of the head

131
Q

oral

A

mouth

132
Q

orbital

A

eye cavity: the portion of the skull that encircles the eye

133
Q

otic

A

ear

134
Q

palmar

A

palm of the hand

135
Q

patellar

A

front of the knee

136
Q

pectoral

A

chest

137
Q

pedal

A

foot

138
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

139
Q

perineal

A

region between the anus and external reproductive organs (perineum)

140
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

141
Q

popliteal

A

area behind the knee

142
Q

sacral

A

posterior region between the hipbones

143
Q

sternal

A

middle of the thorax, anteriorly

144
Q

sural

A

calf of the leg

145
Q

tarsal

A

ankle: instep of the foot

146
Q

umbilical

A

navel (umbilicus)

147
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

148
Q

dermatology

A

study of skin and its diseases

149
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases

150
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions within a defined human population

151
Q

gastroenterology

A

study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases

152
Q

geriatrics

A

branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems

153
Q

gerontology

A

study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals

154
Q

hematology

A

study of blood and blood diseases

155
Q

histology

A

study of the structure and function of tissues (microscopic anatomy)

156
Q

immunology

A

study of the body’s resistance to disease

157
Q

neonatology

A

study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders

158
Q

nephrology

A

study of the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys

159
Q

neurology

A

study of the nervous system in health and disease

160
Q

obstetrics

A

branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth

161
Q

oncology

A

study of cancers

162
Q

ophthalmology

A

study of the eye and eye diseases

163
Q

orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with muscular and skeletal systems and their problems

164
Q

otolaryngology

A

study of the ear, throat, larynx, and their diseases

165
Q

pathology

A

study of structural and functional changes in the body associated with disease

166
Q

pediatrics

A

branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases

167
Q

pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases

168
Q

podiatry

A

study of the care and treatment of the feet

169
Q

psychiatry

A

branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders

170
Q

radiology

A

study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases

171
Q

toxicology

A

study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology

172
Q

urology

A

branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases

173
Q

appendicular

A

pertaining to the upper and lower limbs

174
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain

175
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain

176
Q

parietal membrane

A

membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

2019 Hole's Human A&P (12 decks)

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