Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards
apo-
away, off, apart
(apoptosis)
cyt-
cell
(cytoplasm)
endo-
within
(endoplasmic reticulum)
hyper-
above
(hypertonic)
hypo-
below
(hypotonic)
inter-
between
(interphase)
iso-
equal
(isotonic)
lys-
to break up
(lysosome)
mit-
thread
(mitosis)
phag-
to eat
(phagocytosis)
pino-
to drink
(pinocytosis)
pro-
before
(prophase)
-som
body
(ribosome)
vesic-
bladder
(vesicle)
micrometer
one thousandth of a millimeter
(μm)
How many cells does an adult human body have?
50 trillion to 100 trillion, or about 75 trillion
differentiation
cell specialization
3 major parts of a human cell
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
nucleus
cellular organelle enclosed by a double bilayer nuclear envelope and containing DNA
cytoplasm
the contents of a cell including cytosol and organelles, excluding the nucleus, enclosed by the cell membrane
cell membrane
(plasma membrane)
- the selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
- maintains integrity of cell
- provides for signal transduction
organelle
a structure or compartment in cells that houses the biochemical reactions that carry out a specific function
cytosol
gel-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm
hydrophilic
water-soluble
cellular adhesion molecule (CAM)
- enable cells to stick to each other
- e.g. white blood cells at injury site or cells forming a placenta
integral proteins
- span the cell membrane
- form pores, channels, and carriers in cell membrane
- transduce signals
enzymes
catalyze chemical reactions
cell surface proteins
establish “self”
peripheral protein
projects from the membrane’s outer surface (includes CAMs)
transmembrane protein
- extends outside the cell membrane at one end and dips into the cytoplasm on the inside
- many act as receptors, binding to specific incoming molecules such as hormones, triggering responses from within the cell
ribosomes
- tiny, spherical, nonmembranous structures composed of protein and RNA
- synthesize proteins
- scattered in cytoplasm (free) or bound to endoplasmic reticulum (membrane-bound)
endoplasmic reticulum
- complex of interconnected membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles
- transports materials within the cell
- provides attachment for ribosomes (rough ER)
- synthesizes lipids (smooth ER)
rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- closer to nuclear envelope and studded with ribosomes
- proteins are bound to sugar molecules (glycoproteins) in ER and move to Golgi apparatus for processing
smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- closer to cell membrane
- no ribosomes
- synthesizes lipids
- contains enzymes important in fat absorption and drug breakdown
- abundant in liver
vesicles
- membranous sacs
- hold and transport substances that are newly synthesized or recently entered the cell
- vesicle trafficking: movement of substances into and out of cells by fleets of vesicles