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A+P 1 > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joint

A

places where bone articulate

-any area in your body where 2 bones come together

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2
Q

Classifying joints

A
  1. Based on the degree of movement allowed
    - synarthrosis - immovable joint
    - amphiarthrosis- slightly movable joint
    - diarthrosis- freely movable joint
  2. based on material found at articulation point
    - fibrous- contain collagen fibers
    - cartilaginous- contain cartilage
    - synovial- fluid-filled synovial joint cavity separates articulating bones
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3
Q

Classifying Joints: Synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

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4
Q

Classifying Joints: Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint (if you used enough pressure)

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5
Q

Classifying Joints: Diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint

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6
Q

Movements allowed at joints

A
  • Gliding
  • Angular
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
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7
Q

Movement allowed at joints: Gliding

A

flat surfaces of 2 bone sliding back + forth across one another

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8
Q

Movement allowed at joints: Angular

A

involve changing the angle of 2 bases
(change in angle between 2 bones)
-flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation

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9
Q

Movement allowed at joints: Flexion

A

angle between 2 bones decreases

ex: flexion at the neck (points head downward)

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10
Q

Movement allowed at joints: Extension

A

increases angle between 2 bones

ex: straightening out the elbow or bringing you head back up

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11
Q

Movement allowed at joints: hyperextension

A

extending beyond 180 degrees (which is a straight line)

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12
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from the body, moving a bone away from the midline
ex: spread your fingers

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13
Q

Adduction

A

moving the bone toward the midline (bringing It back)

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14
Q

Circumduction

A

keeping the proximal part of a bone fixed and move the distal end in a circle

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15
Q

Rotation

A

bone spins in place along its longitudinal axis (bone spins in place)

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16
Q

Supination

A

moving hands palms up (take thumbs and turn them laterally)

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17
Q

Pronation

A

take thumbs and move them medially (palms down)

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18
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

move the foot like you’re pressing the gas (pointing toe)

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

point heel (ease off gas)

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20
Q

Inversion

A

move the sole of your food medially

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21
Q

Eversion

A

moving the sole of your foot laterally

22
Q

Protraction

A

sticking jaw out, moving a bone anteriorly along a transverse plane (protecting mandible)

23
Q

Retraction

A

moving the bone posteriorly along a transverse plane (bringing bone back, bring jaw back)

24
Q

Depression

A

moving a bone inferiorly

ex: open mouth; depressing mandible

25
Elevation
moving a bone superiorly | ex: close your mouth; elevate mandible
26
Opposition
touching thumb to any of the fingers
27
Fibrous Joints
bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity; most are synarhrotic - sutures: skull only - syndesmoses: bones connected by cord or sheet of fibrous tissue - gomphoses: teeth only
28
Fibrous Joints: Sutures
skull only - no movement - protection - dense fibrous connective tissue fills space - penetrates bones - ossifies in adulthood to form synostoses
29
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
bones connected by cord (ligaments) or sheet (interosseous membrane) of fibrous tissue. -Length of fibers determines degree of movement.
30
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
teeth only; "peg in socket" arrangement; periodontal ligaments
31
Cartilaginous Joints
bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity - synchondroses - sympheses
32
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
contain hyaline cartilage - some are synarthrotic - others amphiarthrotic; examples: epiphyseal plate; costal cartilages; many ossify and become bony joints called synostoses (which are synarthrotic) in adulthood
33
Cartilaginous Joints: Sympheses
contain fibrocartilage and are typically amphiarthrotic | ex: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis
34
Synovial Joints
bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity; most common; diarthrotic; all limbs; most joints in body - plane joints - hinge joints - pivot joints - condyloid - saddle joints - ball and socket
35
Synovial Joints: Pane Joints
artic surfaces flat: gliding movement; intercarp/tars; nonaxial -allow gliding
36
Synovial Joints: Hinge Joints
convex bone in trough; one plane- flex/extension, elbow, interphalangeal joints -allow flexion and extension
37
Synovial Joints: Pivot Joints
rounded bone fits in ring on 2nd bone; unaxial; radioulnar, head -allow rotation
38
Synovial Joints: Condyloid
both surfaces oval, all angular movements; wrist, "knuckles" | -allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
39
Synovial Joints: Saddle Joints
like condyloid; thumb (where proximal phalange meets first metacarpal) -allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction (but with freer movement)
40
Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket
spherical head, cup socket; greatest movement; hip, shoulder. -allow all movements of condyloid plus rotation
41
Synovial Joints 5 Characteristics in Common
1. Articular cartilage 2. Articular Capsule 3. Joint (articular) Cavity 4. Synovial Fluid 5. Ligaments
42
Synovial Characteristics in Common: Articular Cartilage
covers opposing bone surfaces, protection
43
Synovial Characteristics in Common: Articular Capsule
double-layered capsule that encloses cavity. - Outer layer is fibrous and continuous with periostea - inner layer is synovial membrane that produces the synovial fluid
44
Synovial Characteristics in Common: Joint (articular) Cavity
created by capsule; filled with synovial fluid
45
Synovial Characteristics in Common: Synovial Fluid
filtrate from blood and hyaluronic acid from fibroblasts from viscous synovial fluid; reduces friction; "weeping lubrication" moves fluid into and out of articular cartilages when joint is compressed/ relieved- nourishes cartilage cells
46
Synovial Characteristics in Common: Ligaments
strengthen/ stabilize joint
47
Sprain
ligaments are stretched or torn | -surgical repair often necessary
48
Cartilage injuries
tearing meniscus of knee; articular cartilage; epiphyseal plate. -avascular- cannot repair itself
49
Dislocations
bones forced out of normal position at joint. | -repeats will occur
50
Inflammation
include: bursitis (direct hit injury) tendonitis (overuse injury) -treat with anti-inflammatory drugs
51
Arthritis
100s of types; pain, stiffness, swelling - osteoarthritis- most common, degenerative diseases; 85% of people will develop - rheumatoid arthritis- chronic inflammatory disease; autoimmune

A+P 1 (15 decks)

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