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A+P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic

A

containing carbon

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2
Q

Inorganic

A

doesn’t contain carbon

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3
Q

Waters useful physical properties?

A
  • cohesive behavior
  • temperature moderating properties
    a. high heat capacity
    b. high heat of vaporization
  • Water is a good polar solvent
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4
Q

Cohesive Behavior

A

water molecules easily hydrogen bond to one another

  • water molecules are polar (one positive and negative end)
  • 2 water molecules stick together by attaching a positive to a negative end forming a hydrogen bond
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5
Q

Temperature moderating properties

a. High heat capacity

A

water strongly resists increases in temperature
-when you apply heat to water, it takes longer to heat up because the hydrogen bonds have to break first in order to get the water molecules to move faster

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6
Q

Temperature moderating properties

b. High heat vaporization

A

water absorbs a lot of heat before evaporating

-evaporative cooling- sweating

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7
Q

Water is a good polar solvent;

A

water is good at dissolving solutes that are charged

  • water molecules cant dissolve nonpolar solutes (nonpolar doesn’t have a charge)
  • water molecules stick to the surface = dissolved
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8
Q

Salts

A

ionic substances that do not have hydrogen (H+) as a cation or hydroxide (OH-) as a anion

ex: NaCl (Na+, Cl-)
- salts act as tissue- hardening agents (e.g. in bone)
- salt solutions are electrolytic (conducts electricity)

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9
Q

Acids

A

substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions when dissolved

ex: HCL = H+ CL
- the greater [H+] (the concentration of hydrogen) the more acidic

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10
Q

Bases

A

substances that accept hydrogen (H+) ions from solution

-the lower the concentration of H+ the more basic

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11
Q

pH scale

A 
logarithmic scale from 0 to 14
-pH 7 = neutral
-pH greater than 7 = given to the bases
-pH less than 7 = give to acids
-if the pH decreases by a whole number the solution is 10x more acidic 
ex: 5 is 10x more acidic than 6
4 is 100x more acidic than 6
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12
Q

4 kinds of organic compounds found in living things?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
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13
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

monomers are combined into a polymer with the removal of water
ex: [ ]-OH H-[ ] ( [ ] = monomer)
l
( H come together )
l
H H
\ / = [ ]–[ ] (polymer)
(H20) O

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a polymer is broken into monomers with the addition of water

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (C,H,O) in an approximate 1:2:1 ratio
ex: C5 H10 O5
C6 H12 O6
-preferred fuel at cellular level( cells will always take carbs)
-easily converted into fats
-three categories:
monosaccharides- one sugar
disaccharides- two sugars
polysaccharides- many sugars
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16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

carbohydrate monomer (simplest carbohydrate)

  • rings of 5-6 carbons with lots of H and O
  • cells can only take in carbs in this form
    ex: glucose, fructose
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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides that have been joined via dehydration synthesis
ex: lactose (dairy), Sucrose (table sugar), Maltose (grains)

18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many sugars
-two kinds/two uses:
1. some are easily broken down and are used for energy storage
ex: starch (plants), glycogen (animals; muscles (human),
liver)
2. some are difficult to break down and are used for protection
ex: cellulose (plant cell walls)

19
Q

Lipids

A 
usually nonpolar (no electrical charge) and insoluble in water (don't dissolve well) (hydrophobic)
-3 kinds
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
20
Q

Triglycerides

A

“fat molecules”
function- energy storage- preformed means of storing calories
-fat stores at least twice the calories of other nutrients
-contains 3 fatty acids (chains) and glycerol (the 3 C sugar)

21
Q

Phospholipids

A

contains- phosphate containing group, glycerol, 2 fatty acids (chains)
-its amphipathic- having both polar and nonpolar regions
-found in membranes
polar “head” nonpolar “tails”

22
Q

Steroids

A
  • have many functions
    ex: some act as vitamins (A,D,E,K)
  • some act as hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
  • some are anti-inflammatory agents (hydrocortisone)
  • honeycomb backbone
23
Q

Proteins

A

polymers made from monomers called amino acids -every 20 amino acids have an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

24
Q

Dipeptide

A

take 2 amino acids and attach them to one another

25
Q

Sequence of less than 50 amino acids?

A

polypeptide

26
Q

Sequence of 50 or more amino acids?

A

potein

27
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

Its shape

28
Q

A proteins shape is determined by what?

A

amino acid sequence

29
Q

Amino acid sequence =

A

proteins primary sequence

30
Q

Localized binding/ folding of amino acid chain =

A

its secondary structure (know one part of what the structure looks like)

31
Q

Tertiary structure

A

a proteins overall 3-D shape

32
Q

Quaternary structure

A

several tertiary structures working as a unit

33
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

long thread-like appearance

  • elongate, huge
  • sturdy
  • building materials (use + repair yourself)
34
Q

Globular proteins

A
  • intricate (complex) shapes
  • fragile
  • use their shapes to interact (or grab) with other chemicals
    ex: eznymes
35
Q

Enzyme

A

globular proteins that act as catalysts (help reactions occur more quickly and efficiently

  • an enzyme uses its ACTIVE SITE to adhere to SUBSRATES and then places the substrate in the correct position for a reaction to occur
  • reuseable
36
Q

Nucleic acids

A

monomers build from polymers called nucleotides

37
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

3 parts

  • phosphate group
  • pentose (5 carbon sugar)
  • nucleotide base (A,G,C,T)
38
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

  • single stranded
  • uses A,G,C,U (not T)
  • uses the pentose Ribose
  • RNA molecules build proteins out of amino acids
39
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

  • double stranded
  • uses A,C,G,T (not U)
  • uses the pentose Deoxyribose
  • DNA is the instructions for making proteins
40
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

provides energy to chemical reactions

A+P 1 (15 decks)

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