Chapter 1

Question 1

Hierarchy Of Biological Order

Answer 1

1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System
6. Organism

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another

Question 3

Physiology

Answer 3

concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Question 4

Chemical level

Answer 4

atoms of elements > molecules

ex: elements molecules
- hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen -H2O

Question 5

Cellular level

Answer 5

cell- the smallest unit of life

Question 6

Tissue level

Answer 6

tissue- a collection of cells working together to perform a novel function
ex: muscle tissue
nervous tissue

Question 7

Organ level

Answer 7

organ- a collection of tissues working together to perform novel function

Question 8

Organ System

Answer 8

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system
ex: digestive system
or the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells

Question 9

Organism

Answer 9

consists of a number of organ systems

• highest level of organization
• represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

Question 10

Functions common to living things

Answer 10

metabolism
reproduction
responsiveness
maintenance of homeostasis

Question 11

metabolism

Answer 11

the sum of a living things chemical reactions

-performed in order to GET and USE energy

Question 12

reproduction

Answer 12

production of an entire living thing

• production of part of a living thing
  ex: growth, repair
• all reproductive processes require DNA (genetic info)

Question 13

responsiveness

Answer 13

ability to recognize change in the environment (external or internal) and to react appropriately

Question 14

Maintenance of Homeostasis

Answer 14

homeostasis- a state of balance, in which internal conditions change, but only within narrow limits, and despite external influence
ex: if body temp. is around 98.6 you are maintaining body temp. at homeostasis. 104 is to high, 94 is to low.

Question 15

3 Parts of a Homeostatic maintenance system

Answer 15

1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector

Question 16

Receptor

Answer 16

detects changes in bodily function

ex: thermoreceptors- keep track of body temp. seeing how much it went up or down

Question 17

Control Center

Answer 17

analyzes the significance of the change
-formulate appropriate response(s) to that change
(come up with the plan)

Question 18

Effector

Answer 18

performs the response formulated by the control center

executes the plan

Question 19

2 methods of homeostatic control

Answer 19

negative feedback

positive feedback

Question 20

Negative feedback

Answer 20

effectors actions OPPOSE (opposite) some original event or change
ex: temp 98.6 increases to 103, the control center will put on sweat glands to put body temperature back to 98.6 (to do opposite of what just happened)

Question 21

Positive Feedback

Answer 21

effectors actions ENHANCE an original event
ex: blood cells called platelets attract or stick to a torn vessel wall and will keep attracting to form a platelet plug to stop the bleeding (amplify it)

Question 22

2 main regions in the human body

Answer 22

axial

appendicular

Question 23

axial part

Answer 23

head, neck, torso

-makes up main axis of our body

Question 24

appendicular part

Answer 24

limbs

- attached to the body’s axis

Question 25

superior (cranial)

Answer 25

above; toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

Question 26

inferior (caudal)

Answer 26

below; away form the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

Question 27

anterior (ventral)

Answer 27

in front of; toward or at the front of the body

Question 28

posterior (dorsal)

Answer 28

behind; toward or at the back of the body

Question 29

medial

Answer 29

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of | ex: the heart is medial to the arm

Question 30

lateral

Answer 30

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of | ex: the arms are lateral to the chest

Question 31

proximal

Answer 31

closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (going up) ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 32

distal

Answer 32

farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of limb to the body trunk (going down) ex: the knee is distal to the thigh

Question 33

superficial (external)

Answer 33

toward or at the surface | ex: the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Question 34

deep (internal)

Answer 34

away from the body surface; more internal | ex: the lungs are deep to the skin

Question 35

midsaggittal plane

Answer 35

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Question 36

frontal plane (coronal)

Answer 36

divides the body into posterior and anterior parts

Question 37

transverse (horizontal) plane

Answer 37

divides the body into top (superior; above) and bottom (inferior; below) parts

Question 38

9 abdominopelvic regions

Answer 38

``` right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right (iliac) inguinal region hypogastric (pubic) region left (iliac) inguinal region ```