Chapter 1 Flashcards
Hierarchy Of Biological Order
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System
- Organism
Anatomy
studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology
concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Chemical level
atoms of elements > molecules
ex: elements molecules
- hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen -H2O
Cellular level
cell- the smallest unit of life
Tissue level
tissue- a collection of cells working together to perform a novel function
ex: muscle tissue
nervous tissue
Organ level
organ- a collection of tissues working together to perform novel function
Organ System
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system
ex: digestive system
or the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells
Organism
consists of a number of organ systems
- highest level of organization
- represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Functions common to living things
metabolism
reproduction
responsiveness
maintenance of homeostasis
metabolism
the sum of a living things chemical reactions
-performed in order to GET and USE energy
reproduction
production of an entire living thing
- production of part of a living thing
ex: growth, repair - all reproductive processes require DNA (genetic info)
responsiveness
ability to recognize change in the environment (external or internal) and to react appropriately
Maintenance of Homeostasis
homeostasis- a state of balance, in which internal conditions change, but only within narrow limits, and despite external influence
ex: if body temp. is around 98.6 you are maintaining body temp. at homeostasis. 104 is to high, 94 is to low.
3 Parts of a Homeostatic maintenance system
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
Receptor
detects changes in bodily function
ex: thermoreceptors- keep track of body temp. seeing how much it went up or down
Control Center
analyzes the significance of the change
-formulate appropriate response(s) to that change
(come up with the plan)
Effector
performs the response formulated by the control center
executes the plan
2 methods of homeostatic control
negative feedback
positive feedback
Negative feedback
effectors actions OPPOSE (opposite) some original event or change
ex: temp 98.6 increases to 103, the control center will put on sweat glands to put body temperature back to 98.6 (to do opposite of what just happened)
Positive Feedback
effectors actions ENHANCE an original event
ex: blood cells called platelets attract or stick to a torn vessel wall and will keep attracting to form a platelet plug to stop the bleeding (amplify it)
2 main regions in the human body
axial
appendicular
axial part
head, neck, torso
-makes up main axis of our body
appendicular part
limbs
- attached to the body’s axis
superior (cranial)
above; toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
inferior (caudal)
below; away form the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
anterior (ventral)
in front of; toward or at the front of the body
posterior (dorsal)
behind; toward or at the back of the body
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
ex: the heart is medial to the arm
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
ex: the arms are lateral to the chest
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (going up)
ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of limb to the body trunk (going down)
ex: the knee is distal to the thigh
superficial (external)
toward or at the surface
ex: the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
ex: the lungs are deep to the skin
midsaggittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
frontal plane (coronal)
divides the body into posterior and anterior parts
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into top (superior; above) and bottom (inferior; below) parts
9 abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right (iliac) inguinal region hypogastric (pubic) region left (iliac) inguinal region
